Cooperation on Climate and Air Pollution in East Asia September 29 – October 4, 2013 16 th IUAPPA World Clean Air Congress, Cape Town, South Africa Mark Elder and Eric Zusman, IGES
1. Air Pollution Cooperation in East Asia 2. Air Pollution and Climate OUTLINE Cooperation in East Asia 3. Conclusions 2
Existing UNEP-related regional/sub-regional air pollution initiatives in Asia Central Asia East Asia: 5 Central Asia countries formulated the 13 countries, which includes Framework Convention on Preservation Northeast and Southeast Asia, of Environment for Sustainable working under the framework Development of Central Asia of the East Asia Network on South Asia: Acid Deposition Monitoring (EANET) 8 countries are cooperating under the Southeast Asia: framework of Male’ Declaration on Control 1 ASEAN member countries and Prevention of Air are working under the Pollution and Its likely framework of ASEAN Haze Transboundary Effects GMS Agreement for South Asia UNEP-related regional/sub-regional initiatives 3
Joint Forum on the Atmospheric Environment in Asia and the Pacific Closer cooperation among regional/sub-regional air pollution networks to enhance exchange of information/experiences and capacity building Joint Forum on the Atmospheric Environment in Asia and the Pacific Example, Joint Meeting in Asia: SPREP Malé Declaration EANET Central Asian ASEAN Haze Environment Agreement Convention 4 Meeting of the Joint Forum on Atmospheric Environment in Asia and the Pacific, 10-11 March 2010
Selected Existing g Regional A Air Pol ollut ution on Coop ooperation on Frameworks in East st Asi sia ABC Atmospheric Brown Clouds Includes air+climate • Global/regional • EANET Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia Mainly monitoring • Northeast + Southeast Asia Narrow scope • • Joint Joint Forum on the Atmospheric Environment in Network of networks • Forum Asia and the Pacific (UNEP) Asia-wide • TEMM Tripartite Environment Ministers Meeting Regular meeting • Northeast Asia (China, Japan, Korea) Collection of projects • • LTP Long Range Transboundary Air Pollutants in Research project • Northeast Asia Broader scope (but • Northeast Asia (China, Japan, Korea) not climate) • NEASPEC Northeast Asia Program on Environmental Secretariat is ESCAP- • Cooperation SRO Northeast Asia (6 countries) Project based • • CAA Clean Air Asia (formerly CAI-Asia) Multistakeholder • Asia-wide partnership • 5
Membership in Selected Existing Frameworks Co Countries EANET AS ASEAN AN Ha Haze NEASPEC LT LTP TEMM CCAC AC China ● ● ● ● ● Japan ● ● ● ● ● S. Korea ● ● ● ● N. Korea ● Mongolia ● ● Russia ● ● Cambodia ● ● Indonesia ● Not ratified Lao PDR ● ● Malaysia ● ● Myanmar ● ● Philippines ● ● Thailand ● ● Vietnam ● ● Brunei ● Singapore ● 6
Overall ll Pro roble lems w with E h Existin ing Frameworks ks (From om the s standpoi oint o t of a air p polluti tion on) Overall: too cautious and lacking in ambition, voluntary Duplication & overlap, extra cost Insufficient scope: need more emphasis on mitigation, linkage between air pollution & climate change Limited effectiveness Insufficient funding Should strengthen linkage to policy & implementation 7
Potential Li Links b between A Air P Pol ollut ution Frame mewor orks a s and C Clima mate Additional scientific research (especially monitoring) Awareness raising on air and climate issues Capacity building Policy dialogues Projects Question: to what extent can existing frameworks make these links? May be challenging to incorporate into some existing frameworks. 8
Challenges to linking climate and air pollution in existing frameworks Most frameworks limit the scope of pollutants. Expansion to air pollutants like O3 and PM2.5 may be easier. Can they be further expanded to Hg or others? However, in the past, it has been difficult to expand the scope of existing initiatives/ frameworks once they were established. Strong effort may be needed to persuade governments about the priority of co-beneifits, and the appropriateness of using existing initiatives/ frameworks Many developing countries need comprehensive capacity building, including for scientific research Not very optimistic about using existing frameworks in short term May be better to focus on domestic use first, to attract governments’ interest. International cooperation frameworks can facilitate actions. 9
Situation of CCAC in East Asia • Voluntary Promising new • Multistakeholder partnership network • Focus on SLCP co-benefits • New funding (including contribution from Japan) Activities in • Development of national action plans • Regional/sub-regional workshops Asia • Conduct regional assessment • Only 2 E. Asian countries are members (Japan, S. Korea) Challenges • Uncertain prospects for new members • Unclear links between CCAC & existing mechanisms 10
POSSIBLE OPTIONS KEY ISSUES: OPTION ON CONS NSIDERATION ONS UNEP United Nations • What is the best forum • Environment ministries • to discuss air pollution Coordinates EANET, others • and climate change UNESCAP United Nations • issues in East Asia? Foreign ministries • Who may coordinate • Coordinates NEASPEC • discussions? Limited capacity • (Besides existing • Joint Links existing UNEP networks • intergovernmental Forum Limited institutionalization • networks) CAA Multistakeholder partnership • 11
Japan’s Policies on Co-benefits: Co-benefit Projects in the Asian Region New B Budget R Requ quest (Mini nistry of f Envi vironment) FY 20 2013 => => FY20 2014 (2 (215 15 => => 658 658 mil. Y Yen) Background • Address worsening air & water pollution, not only PM2.5 in China but also in other Asian countries. • Use a co-benefit approach for environment & climate, especially PM 2.5 • Strategically promote capacity building for co-benefits using Japanese technology & experience utilizing existing activities & promoting bilateral credit offsets. Project Overview/Scheme • Support for existing regional activities (UNEP & CAA) • Capacity & system building (subcontracted to private sector & local groups) • Model/pilot projects to test application of Japanese co-benefit tech. Objectives, expected results • Promote capacity dev. & best use of Japanese env. tech. to Asian developing countries • Mitigate pollution, promote decarbonization in Asia, & reduce air pollution in Japan • Promote bilateral offset credits 12
Japan’s Policies on Co-benefits: Promotion of the Co-benefit Approach New B Budget R Requ quest (Mini nistry of f Envi vironment) FY2014 (101 = => 105 mil. Y . Yen) n) Project S Summary ( (General l Budget) Promotion activities Support the Asia co-benefit Partnership to help mainstream co-benefits • Implementation Joint research to develop quantitative methodologies to evaluate co-benefit • cooperation effects (including related capacity building) Support for research Support developing analytical models to contribute to Japan’s environmental • policy. (Support civilian organizations and IIASA) Project S Summary ( (Specia ial B Budget) Research / project Model projects & technology testing to promote capacity development including • support human resources keeping in mind the importance of supporting the introduction of technology from the bilateral credit offset mechanism. 13
Asia Co-benefit Partnership (Overview) ▪ A plat atfor orm to o imp mprove informa mation on sharing and stak akeholder c coor oordination on on on co- benefits ts in Asia. ▪ Goal oal: : suppor ort mai mainstreaming of of co co-benefits ts into deci cisi sions i s in Asi sia. ▪ Partners: ADB, C CAA, ESCAP, UN UNU, UN , UNEP, GAP Por orum, C China, , Indon onesia, a, Jap apan an, , Thai ailan and etc. IGES is the secretariat 14
Asia Co-benefit Partnership Activities ▪ Informa mation on sharing g and nd kno nowledge m e mana nagem gement nt, including knowledge generation and dissemination ▪ Enh nhanc nced ed communica cati tion among ACP members ▪ Development of co co-benefits ts polici cies s and project cts in Asia ▪ Strengthening of region onal al coop ooperat ation to promote co- benefits 15
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