Department of Environment & Forests Govt. of Bihar Case Study: Impacts of Loss and Damage. Soil & Moisture Conservation (SMC) Treatment in natural forest tracts-An Impactful Intervention with ramifications for Climate Change challenge- Showcasing the Bihar Participant & thematic area covered 1. Sri Vivek Kumar Singh, IAS : Policy issues in natural Forest tracts with ramifications for Climate Change challenge Principal Secretary 2. Dr. D.K.Shukla, IFS : Watershed development interventions in restoring natural eco system Principal Chief Conservator of Forest (HoFF), Bihar Conserving Now, Preserving Future
Govt. of Bihar Avoiding ramifications for climate change challenges- an impactful intervention through soil & moisture conservation (SMC) treatment in natural forests tracts showcasing the Bihar Conserving Now, Preserving Future
Govt. of Bihar Impacts of Loss and Damage at State Level • Although policies are developed at the national level, losses and damages are ultimately incurred at the local level. • Considering loss and damage is an issue affecting local communities, it is important that the measures used to the address future impacts of climate change are targeted to those in need • Farmers in disaster prone areas face incremental risks as the global temperature rises and the frequency and severity of disasters increase • Communities adopting coping measures such as looking for additional income or selling assets in order to buy food. • Loss and damage is undermining food and livelihood security, social cohesion, culture and identity Conserving Now, Preserving Future
Govt. of Bihar Areas for Intervention • Enhance the understanding of how loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change affect particularly for vulnerable communities • Policymakers will need to explore, develop and implement comprehensive risk management frameworks that include risk reduction, risk transfer such as insurance, risk retention such as contingency funds and social safety nets. • Enhancing data on and knowledge of the risks of slow onset events and their impacts, and identify ways forward on approaches to address slow onset events associated with the adverse effects of climate change • Building capacity of institutions to ensure that local households and communities can participate in the design and implementation of policies and programs • Develop and implement financial instruments and tools that address the risks of loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change Conserving Now, Preserving Future
Govt. of Bihar Watershed development interventions in restoring natural eco-system Conserving Now, Preserving Future
Forests in Bihar Govt. of Bihar • Total Geographical Area: 94163 sq. km. • Forest Area : 6845 sq. km. (7.23%) • Degradation due to anthropogenic pressure. • Degradation of ecological health on all fronts. • Richness of vegetable cover, succession status, proneness to erosion, moisture regime, surface water retention, ground water recharge. • Floral & Faunal bio-diversity, soil health and potential productivity, spread of invasive species. Conserving Now, Preserving Future
Climate change Govt. of Bihar • A confirmed phenomenological observation. • Increase in erratic pattern of precipitation. • Changed rainfall pattern: Reduced number of rainy days. • Copious of peaked downpours on fewer days. • Long spell of dry days during monsoon. • Some areas are most affected: Some forest area are adaptive to climate change, some are not • It causes: – More erosion and reduce water & moisture retention – Impact physico-chemical and biological system over a range of realms and scales- Soil moisture, soil microfauna, mychorrhizal associations, seeding, germination, water and food availability for small and big fauna Conserving Now, Preserving Future
Vulnerability of an ecosystem: Govt. of Bihar The Resistance and resilience stability of an ecosystem Perturbation Dynamic Equilibrium Resistance Stability Ecosystem Function Total Stability Resilience Stability Time Conserving Now, Preserving Future
Developing Macro-level Vulnerability Index of Bihar Govt. of Bihar • Department has developed the V = f (Exposure, Sensitivity, Adaptive Capacity) vulnerability index of MODERATE DENCE all the districts of Bihar % OF RURAL WORKERS AS RAINFALL FOREST AGRICULTURAL LABOUR OPEN FOREST RURAL POPULATION TEMPRATURE BELOW POVERTY (%) • Source: Holly Deems & RURAL LITERACY RATE WASTELAND DEPTH OF WATER Adriana Bruggeman, LEVEL Energy, Environment and Water Research Centre, The Cyprus Institute, June 2010 EXPOSURE SENSITIVITY ADAPTIVE CAPACITY VULNERABILITY Conserving Now, Preserving Future
Macro-level Vulnerability Index map of Bihar Govt. of Bihar • All the very high vulnerable districts having forest areas except Vaishali & Siwan. • Only 2 districts having forest areas are less vulnerable: Nalanda (Low) and Jehanabad (Average). • Among forest districts- Nalanda is least vulnerable and Kaimur is highly vulnerable. • It shows that districts having forest areas are highly vulnerable, which requires interventions. Conserving Now, Preserving Future
Importance Value Index (IVI) Govt. of Bihar IVI: ‘Importance of a species in its relative contribution to the whole community, IVI = R.D+R.F.+R.B.A. Type of No. of Type of No. of Most Dominant Most Dominant Species IVI IVI Vegetation Species Vegetation Species Species Jamuni Base of Byapurgiri, Rajgir Range (Nalanda Forest Division) Titri Range, Imamganj (Gaya Forest Divison) Tree 38 Boswellia serrata 36.65 Tree 3 Butea monosperma 200.99 Shrub 27 Dendrocalamus strictus 114.74 Shrub 1 Butea monosperma 299.99 Herbs 26 Cassia occidentalis 39.52 Herbs 17 Cynodon dactylon 75.49 Bheembandh (Munger Forest Division) Chakarghata Nadi Patpar Village (Kaimur Forest Division) Tree 18 Magnifera indica 57.25 Tree 3 Terminalia arjuna 243.14 Shrub 16 Carissa opaca 89.21 Shrub 3 Mitragyna parvifolia 110.19 Herbs 20 Andrographis paniculata 43.15 Herbs 15 Cyperus rotundus 66.02 Mandar Bahar, Baunsi Beat (Banka Forest Division) Salaya Forest, Madanpur Range (Aurangabad Forest Division) Tree 28 Streblus asper 34.23 Tree 2 Azadirachta indica 229.58 Shrub 18 Holarrhena pubescens 40.75 Shrub 8 Carissa opaca 89.94 Herbs 29 Gardenia latifolia 50.58 Herbs 14 Tridex procumbens 75.77 Source: Floral Bio-diversity Survey conducted by Forest Research Institute, Dehradun Conserving Now, Preserving Future
Observation Govt. of Bihar • Nalanda, Munger and Banka forest divisions low IVI score of large no. of species in the community show that these areas are rich in diverse vegetation. • Department has started soil and moisture conservation and Regeneration of Degraded Forests activities in these areas from 2012-2013. • Gaya, Kaimur and Aurangabad forest divisions are not so rich in vegetation as reflected in IVI. • A comprehensive plan has been prepared for these areas under Agriculture Road Map 2017-2022. • Various biodiversity indices calculated to show impact of interventions. Conserving Now, Preserving Future
Response Govt. of Bihar • Eco-system approach: Response to climate change. • Watershed development: Micro watersheds have been treated with graded appropriate type of structures ranging from check dams, silt detention dams, water harvesting bunds and ponds in 11 Forest Divisions. – Conserving Soil & Moisture – Plantation in blank patches Conserving Now, Preserving Future
RDF & SMC Work Govt. of Bihar Area (in ha) 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 Total Area (2012-13 to 2016-17): 158813 ha Conserving Now, Preserving Future
Process of Micro-Planning Govt. of Bihar Conserving Now, Preserving Future
Process of Micro-Planning Contd… Govt. of Bihar Conserving Now, Preserving Future
Process of Micro-Planning Contd… Govt. of Bihar TREATED AREA DETAILS AND TREATMENT CHART – KHARAGPUR RANGE Conserving Now, Preserving Future
Various Watershed Structures Govt. of Bihar Loose Boulder Check Silt Detention Dam Earthen Check Dam Dam Run-off Measure Water Harvesting Structure Structure Conserving Now, Preserving Future
Govt. of Bihar Conserving Now, Preserving Future
Photographs Micro Plan- Nalanda Forest Division Govt. of Bihar Mrig Vihar Water Body Water Harvesting Structure Silt Detention Structure (Ratnagiri) (Ratnagiri) Rock Iron Post Structure Water Harvesting Structure Loose Boulder Structure (Ratnagiri) (Ratnagiri) (Ratnagiri) Conserving Now, Preserving Future
Forest Ecosystem in Bihar: Qualitative & Quantities study by FRI Govt. of Bihar Biodiversity & Sustainability Sustainability : • Ability to maintain Ecological process over long periods of time. • Maintain structure and function of ecosystem Biodiversity: • Richness and variety of life- of genes, species and ecosystem • Higher/more biodiversity = more sustainable • Lower/less biodiversity = less sustainable • High biodiversity in an ecosystem means that there is a great variety of genes and species in that ecosystem. Conserving Now, Preserving Future
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