Color imaging sensors with perovskite alloys (Conference - PDF document

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340908950 Color imaging sensors with perovskite alloys (Conference Presentation) Conference Paper · April 2020 DOI: 10.1117/12.2572385 CITATIONS READS 0 1,083 9 authors , including: Mohammad Ismail Hossain Wayesh Qarony The Hong Kong Polytechnic University University of California, Davis 62 PUBLICATIONS 264 CITATIONS 74 PUBLICATIONS 365 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: ZnO Thin Films View project Hyperspectral Document Image Analysis View project All content following this page was uploaded by Mohammad Ismail Hossain on 26 April 2020. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Smart Structure SPIE . +Nondestructive Evaluation 27 April – 1 May 2020 Color Imaging Sensors with Perovskite Alloys by Mohammad Ismail Hossain W. Qarony 1 , H. A. Khan 2 , M. Kozawa 3 , A. Salleo 4 , J. Y. Hardeberg 2 , H. Fujiwara 2 , Y. H. Tsang 1 , D. Knipp 4 1) Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong 2) The Norwegian Colour and Visual Computing Laboratory, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Gjøvik, Norway 3) Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan 4) Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, USA.

Outline ❑ Motivation ❑ Vertically Stacked vs Conventional Color Sensors ❑ Perovskite Color Sensors ❑ Colorimetric Characterization ❑ Summary

Motivation Consumer electronics Security and surveillance Artificial Intelligence Source: Google Image

Why Perovskites??? ❑ Direct bandgap material ❑ High Absorption Coefficient ❑ Large diffusion length ❑ Tunable bandgap property Advancement in photovoltaic conversion efficiency ❑ Structure: ABX 3 ❑ A: organic or/and inorganic cation ❑ B: divalent cation ❑ C: monovalent halide anion Low Cost Deposition

Working Principle ❑ Converts detected light signal to electrical signal. ❑ Under the illumination, a depletion region is created, where a built-in electric field facilitates the segregation of electrons and holes. ❑ Width of the depletion region is determined by the accumulation of charge carriers.

Vertically Stacked vs Conventional Color Sensor Color pixel of Color pixel of vertically stacked color sensor conventional color sensor Disadvantage: Advantage: Color error Free of color caused by Moire effect Color Moire effect

Investigated Vertically Stacked Sensors Experimentally realized color sensor with mechanically Commercially available vertically stacked pure perovskite crystals stacked color sensor : Foveon S. Yakunin, Y, NPG Asia Mater. (2017). doi:10.1038/am.2017.163. Colormetrical standard observer or color matching functions Sensors are limited by the Blue: 450 nm / 500 nm achieved color error (2.7 eV / 2.5 eV) Green: 550 nm / 600 nm (2.3 eV / 2.1 eV) P.M. Hubel et.al., Sensors Camera Syst. Sci. Ind. Digit. Red: 650 nm / 700 nm Photogr. Appl. V, 2004. doi:10.1117/12.561568. (2.0 eV / 1.8 eV) T. Smith, J. Guild, , Trans. Opt. Soc. (1931). doi:10.1088/1475-4878/33/3/301.

Vertically Stacked Perovskite Color Sensors Important Points ~ ❑ Bandgaps of absorbers must be matched with visible spectrum. ❑ Bandgaps should be adjusted with colors red, green, and blue. ❑ The thicknesses of absorbers are selected to be larger than penetration depths. SE(  )=e ×  × QE(  )/(h × c) Maxima of the spectral Full Width Half Maxima responsivity at 400 nm, 500 (FWHM) of 50 nm, 136 nm, nm, and 700 nm and 244 nm

Vertically Stacked Perovskite Color Sensors Material selection: perovskite alloys E g (x) = 1.61 + 0.34x + 0.33x 2 eV E g (x) = 2.28 + 0.48x + 0.3x 2 eV Optical properties of perovskite alloys using Energy Shifting model Calculate Determine Select Determine Electronic Optical Bandgap Composition Structure Properties

Vertically Stacked Perovskite Color Sensors proposed sensor design with perovskite alloys ❑ UV blocking layer of MAPbCl3 is placed to suppress unwanted UV radiation and lights shorter than 400 nm. ❑ Spectral responsivities exhibit center wavelengths at 450, 550, and 650 nm, which match very well with color matching functions. ❑ FWHM (87 to 95 nm) also nicely matches with FWHM of matching functions of 60 to 100 nm. No optical filters and infrared blocking layers are required, since sensor covers from 400 nm to 700 nm

Colorimetric Characterization and Color Error comparison: conventional vs proposed design ❑ Colorimetric Arrangement characterization is Color Sensor of sensor Materials Ref. error performed by a channels linear transformation Sensor with Color crystalline silicon sensor side-by-side 4.4 [1] matrix method. Filter Array (CFA) plus polymer filters Foveon Sensor ❑ The method (stacked silicon vertical crystalline silicon 5.0 [2] diodes) transforms color space of color Stacked silicon thin vertical silicon alloys 5.0 [3] film diodes sensor to color MAPbCl 3 space of human Stacked Perovskite vertical MAPbBr 3  15 standard observer. [4] diodes MAPbI 3 MAPbCl 3 Stacked Perovskite this vertical MAPbBr 3  15 ❑ Finally, color error is diodes study MAPbI 3 calculated according MAPbBr 1-x Cl x this to a procedure Stacked Perovskite vertical 3.7 MAPbI 1-x Br x study diodes outlined by CIE. A.E. and H.E. Gamal, Digit. Still Cameras. 21 (2017) 143 – 178. 1. 2. A. J.Y. Wang et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. (2009). 3. P.G. Herzog et al., Color Imaging Device-Independent Color. Color Hardcopy, Graph. Arts IV, 2003. 4. S. Yakunin et al., NPG Asia Mater. (2017).

Summary ❑ Color sensors based on vertically stacked perovskite diodes have been proposed, designed, and colorimetrically characterized. ❑ Multi-bandgap perovskite alloys with suitable bandgaps were utilized. ❑ The electronic structure and optical properties of the perovskite alloys were determined by the energy shifting model. ❑ Sensing of colors without using color filters and demosaicking algorithm. ❑ Very high quantum efficiency of over 80%, while the conventional sensor with CFA exhibits max of 33%. ❑ Up to our knowledge for the first time, it could be shown that a vertically stacked three color sensor exhibits a color error equal to, or smaller than errors of conventional sensors using optical filters.

References 1. P.M. Hubel et al., Spatial frequency response of color image sensors: Bayer color filters and Foveon X3, in: Sensors Camera Syst. Sci. Ind. Digit. Photogr. Appl. V, 2004. A.E. and H.E. Gamal, CMOS image sensors, Image Sensors Signal Process. Digit. Still Cameras. 21 (2017) 143 – 178. 2. 3. W. Qarony, M.I. Hossain, V. Jovanov, A. Salleo, D. Knipp, Y.H. Tsang, Influence of Perovskite Interface Morphology on the Photon Management in Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 12 (2020) 15080-15086. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b21985. 4. M.I. Hossain, N. Yumnam, W. Qarony, A. Salleo, V. Wagner, D. Knipp, Y.H. Tsang, Non-resonant metal-oxide metasurfaces for efficient perovskite solar cells, Sol. Energy. 198 (2020) 570 – 577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.01.082. 5. M.I. Hossain, A. Hongsingthong, W. Qarony, P. Sichanugrist, M. Konagai, A. Salleo, D. Knipp, Y.H. Tsang, Optics of Perovskite Solar Cell Front Contacts, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 11 (2019) 14693 – 14701. doi:10.1021/acsami.8b16586. 6. M.I. Hossain, W. Qarony, S. Ma, L. Zeng, D. Knipp, Y.H. Tsang, Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells: From Detailed Balance Limit Calculations to Photon Management, Nano-Micro Lett. 11 (2019) 58. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s40820-019-0287-8. 7. W. Qarony, M.I. Hossain, A. Salleo, M.I. Hossain, D. Knipp, Y.H. Tsang, Rough versus planar interfaces: How to maximize the short circuit current of perovskite single and tandem solar cells, Mat. Today Energy 11 (2019) 3106-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2018.10.001. 8. M.I. Hossain, W. Qarony, V. Jovanov, Y.H. Tsang, D. Knipp, Nanophotonic design of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells, J. Mater. Chem. A. 6 (2018) 3625 – 3633. https://doi.org/ 10.1039/C8TA00628H. 9. W. Qarony, M.I. Hossain, R. Dewan, S. Fischer, V.B. Meyer-Rochow, A. Salleo, D. Knipp, Y.H. Tsang, Approaching Perfect Light Incoupling in Perovskite and Silicon Thin Film Solar Cells by Moth Eye Surface Textures, Adv. Theory Simulations. 1 (2018) 1800030. https://doi.org/10.1002/adts.201800030.

14

Supporting Information

Background of digital camera and image sensor Focusing scene Imaging System Pipeline a.) Image sensor converts incident light to electrical signal b.) CFA produces only one of the 3 colors of RGB at a time ADC converts electrical signal to digital Demosaicking algorithm creates full color image 16 A. El Gamal and H. Eltoukhy, CMOS image sensors, IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine 21(3), 6-20 (2005). View publication stats View publication stats