Harvesting Nature’s Energy Harvesting Nature’s Energy Geothermal Power Generation at the Salton Sea Borrego Energy Day April 11, 2015 Vince Signorotti
EnergySource – Invested in California EnergySource specializes in the development, construction, and operation of geothermal power facilities in the hottest and most prolific U.S. resource, the Salton Sea. • Formed 2006. Invested $400M for 49 MW Hudson Ranch I. Commissioned in 2012; the first new geothermal plant in America’s best field in 22 years. • Imperial Wells, 85 MW and $660M investment, now in development. • Created hundreds of jobs in construction, drilling and operations. • Annual property taxes in excess of $3 million dollars 2
Geothermal Production Worldwide • 3
Field Formation 4
Part of Major Global Fault System � Within Major Faulting through California � Near end of San Andreas Fault � Faulting continues into � Faulting continues into the Gulf of California 5
Salton Sea field is in a spreading basin � Spreading caused by lateral movement between faults and extension in the Gulf of Mexico has caused the reservoir to be formed reservoir to be formed � Cerro Prieto is part of the line of major spreading basins. 6
Imperial Valley Resource Capability Confidential and Proprietary 7
Field is in the Brawley Seismic Zone � Large seismic activity between San Andreas and Cerro Prieto faults � Spreading action � Spreading action of faults causes seismic effects and permeability in reservoir. 8
1855 1855 W.P. BLAKE SETS OUT TO EXPLORE RAILROAD ROUTE FROM THE W.P. BLAKE SETS OUT TO EXPLORE RAILROAD ROUTE FROM THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN. HE ENCOUNTERS MISSISSIPPI RIVER TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN. HE ENCOUNTERS NATIVE AMERICANS AND SPECTACULAR THERMAL SPRINGS AND NATIVE AMERICANS AND SPECTACULAR THERMAL SPRINGS AND GEYSERS IN THE DESERT THAT IS NOW BENEATH THE SALTON GEYSERS IN THE DESERT THAT IS NOW BENEATH THE SALTON SEA. SEA. 9 9
1927 1927 PIONEER DEVELOPMENT COMPANY DRILLS THREE WELLS IN SEARCH PIONEER DEVELOPMENT COMPANY DRILLS THREE WELLS IN SEARCH OF GEOTHERMAL STEAM. EFFORTS ABANDONED BY 1929. OF GEOTHERMAL STEAM. EFFORTS ABANDONED BY 1929. 1932 1932 SALTON SEA CHEMICAL PRODUCTS CORPORATION BEGINS SALTON SEA CHEMICAL PRODUCTS CORPORATION BEGINS DEVELOPMENT OF SHALLOW ZONE OF CO2 NEAR ORIGINAL DEVELOPMENT OF SHALLOW ZONE OF CO2 NEAR ORIGINAL GEOTHERMAL WELLS GEOTHERMAL WELLS 10 10
“NATURAL ENERGY BONANZA” “NATURAL ENERGY BONANZA” The Brawley News, April 17, 1958 The Brawley News, April 17, 1958 “NATURAL ENERGY BONANZA” The Brawley News, April 17, 1958 stated that “The largest store of natural “The largest store of natural energy known to man is claimed to have been found near here…A limitless and powerful supply of steam energy can be harnessed from this superheated basin – easily enough energy to provide the whole of Southern California with electric Power.” 11 11
SINCLAIR NO. 1 TEST FACILITY ABANDONED AFTER TWO MONTHS DUE TO MINERAL DEPOSITION 12 12
SALTON SEA FIELD SALTON SEA FIELD IMPERIAL VALLEY, CA IMPERIAL VALLEY, CA Severe Scaling from Hot Geothermal Brine Flow Through Pipelines 13 13
SEVERE CORROSION FROM HOT GEOTHERMAL BRINE SEVERE CORROSION FROM HOT GEOTHERMAL BRINE FLOW THROUGH CARBON STEEL PIPE FLOW THROUGH CARBON STEEL PIPE 14 14
Salton Sea Geothermal Brine (Typical Weight %) Chloride 15.40 Sodium 5.27 Calcium 2.65 Potassium 1.65 Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide 0.17 0.17 Iron 0.15 Manganese 0.14 Lithium 0.05 Zinc 0.05 Silica 0.05 Strontium 0.03 Total Dissolved Solids & Gases 25.74 Confidential and Proprietary 15
Plant Development Chronology Contract Maximum Start-Up _MW MW Technology Unit 1 1982 10.0 10.0 Modified pH-Mod Vulcan 1986 29.5 38.0 pH-Mod/CRC Hoch 1989 34.0 42.0 pH-Mod/CRC Elmore Elmore 1989 1989 34.0 34.0 42.0 42.0 CRC CRC Unit 3 1989 47.5 50.0 Modified pH-Mod Unit 2 1990 15.0 18.0 Modified pH-Mod Leathers 1990 34.0 42.0 CRC Unit 4 1996 34.0 42.0 Modified pH-Mod Unit 5 2000 - 46.0 Modified pH-Mod Turboexpander 2000 - 10.0 pH-Mod/CRC Featherstone 2012 49.9 55.0 Total 287.9 395.0 Confidential and Proprietary 16
SIMPLIFIED SCHEMATIC OF CRYSTALLIZER REACTOR CLARIFIER PROCESS TECHNOLOGY SIMPLIFIED SCHEMATIC OF CRYSTALLIZER REACTOR CLARIFIER PROCESS TECHNOLOGY Crystallizer/Clarifier Process Flow 17 17
John L. Featherstone Plant The first stand-alone Salton Sea field geothermal plant built in 20 years, the Featherstone Plant is a 49 MW triple flash facility
Featherstone Plant Economic Benefits 200+ Construction Jobs; 33 permanent operations jobs.
Precision Drilling for Mega-Permeability If the location of the fracture is known with very high precision, then it can be targeted precisely, allowing the possibility of the wellbore to be drilled down the fracture. This is a new technique that has been developed and only used at the Salton Sea. used at the Salton Sea. All existing wells cannot be re- drilled down fractures. New wells, however, can be sited to take advantage of precision targeting if fault information is known before drilling. Confidential and Proprietary 20
Drilling - Lithology and Structure • The information available for wellfield drilling in 2004 and 2005 provided sufficient information to execute a successful precision drilling program on each well drilled. well drilled. • Precision targeting for future wellfield drilling has generally less available information and would be greatly enhanced by 3-D seismic. This picture shows that with detailed information, the well can be drilled not only down the fault, but ideally down the fracture inside the high production sand body for mega-permeability. Confidential and Proprietary 21
SONNY BONO SALTON SEA NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE Confidential and Proprietary 22
GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT CO-EXISTS WITH AGRICULTURE Confidential and Proprietary 23
New Geothermal Development Opportunities in California Total Est. Future Potential: Total Est. Future Potential: 2,965 2,965 MW MW Imperial County contains the largest known Imperial County contains the largest known undeveloped geothermal resource in California and undeveloped geothermal resource in California and possibly the world possibly the world . . 60 MW 60 MW 185 MW 185 MW 200 MW 200 MW 220 MW 220 MW 500 MW 500 MW 1800 1800 MW MW Source: Industry estimates Source: Industry estimates
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