Climate Change in the EAC: Weather Elements Trends in Rwanda temperatures (1970-2010) Source: National Strategy for Climate Change and Low Carbon Development (2011: 7) Inter-annual rainfall deviations from the annual mean: Bunjumbura Source: EAC CC Master Plan (2011-2030): 31 49 49
Impacts of Climate Change in the EAC Water shortage in Katavi River system in 2009 (NCCS 2012: 35) Ice cover on Mt Kilimanjaro Kashaka, Kashari, Mbarara District in Uganda Kenya Drought 2009, EAC CC Strategy 2011: 21 2007, EAC CC Strategy 2011:23
The Greenhouse Effect
Greenhouse Effect: The Common GHGs
Greenhouse Effect
Sources of GHGs Source: IPCC (2007)
Impact of CC on food security, nutrition and wellbeing Changing Rainfall Patterns Decreased Availability of Changing Weather Arable Land Patterns Increasing Spred of Diseases Source: Author, Based on FANRPAN (2017: 8)
CSA: The broader picture Conservation Agriculture (CA) Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Sustainable Agriculture Source: Author’s conceptualisation, 2017 56
The 4 Pillars of CSA Increase agriculture productivity & income Enhances achieving Adapt & build national food CSA resilience to security & CC development goals Reduce GHG emissions 57 Source: FAO, 2015
Key priorities actions for CSA • Greater budgetary • Prioritise & allocation & incentivise CSA Investment • Coordination • Focus on agri- across ministries food value chain to create synegies Increase Coherent, Investment in Evidence Material and Based Policy Human Making Resources Context- specific Plans Capitalise on & Strategies Innovation for Equitable Participation • Harness trends in • Harness IKS big data and ICT • Commit to to understand eliminate all change gender imbalances 58 Source: Author, Based on FANRPAN (2017: 12)
Who’s Emitting in Food Systems ? ? - Agr gricultural Emissions in in Mt t CO2 O2e/y California Environmental Associates 2013, unpublished. Based on data from FAOSTAT 2010 .
What’s Emitting in Food Systems ? ? - Glo lobal l emiss issio ions by commodit ity, , 2008
Water consumption: Water footprin ints in in CSA
Opportunities to Deliver CSA Africa
Tanzania nzania CS Prog ogram ram (20 2015 15 – 202 025) 5) • Initiative to mainstream CC Considerations into national development planning and budgeting • Vision is to have CSA in line with Tanzania National Development Vision 2025
Improved Productivity and Incomes Building resilience Improved and Institutional associated Coordination mitigation co-benefits Tanzania CSA Programme (2015 – 2025) CSA Knowledge, Extension & Value Chain Agro- Integration weather Services Research for Development and Innovations
Bui uild lding ing resi silienc lience e and nd associat sociated ed mi mitiga igati tion on co-benefit benefits s • Improving soil health, and restore degraded lands • Conservation of Natural Resources and Catchments • Insurance and Other Safety Nets • Early Warning System and Emergency Preparedness • Synergies in adaptation and mitigation enhanced and value Chain Integration.
Value lue Cha hain in Int ntegra egrati tion on • Value addition process for agricultural products • Increased competitiveness and enhanced integration into domestic, regional and international markets.
Resea search rch, , Developm velopment ent and nd Inn nnovati ovations ons • Agricultural research funding • Uptake of Agricultural Technologies and Innovations along the Value Chain and • Ensuring that Research Extension Linkage is strengthened and made functional by 2018
CSA Kno nowledge, ledge, Extensi ension on and nd Agro ro- wea eather ther Services rvices • CSA knowledge generation and dissemination • Enhancing extension, climate information services and agro-weather advisories.
Imp mproved roved Ins nsti tituti tutiona onal l Coo oordi rdinati nation on • Improving Inter-Ministerial and Local Government Coordination • Partnerships with private sector and civil society organizations • Programmatic Coordination with Development Partners strengthened
Plenary Session Exercise Question: In what ways can climate change affect agriculture and agro- industrial development in the EAC?
Causes of inappropriate agro-industrial development in the EAC region 71
Challenges in Agro-Processing: A Summary National economic development, employment and food security potential under-realised Access to High post-harvest loss Non- finance compliance of market standards Limited participation of SMEs in agro-processing Inadequate Lack of infrastructur appropriate e technology Limited market access Raw Lack of material technical and Market concentration supply entrepreneurial challenges skills Source: DAFF (2017)
Inappropriate agro-industrial development • Misaligned policy frameworks. • While most policies acknowledge the importance of agro-industries, many do not clearly outline the targeted outcomes of linkages between agro-industries, trade, food security, and climate change. • There is also lack of finances and low levels of investment in agro- processing, coupled with a lack of or poor technology.
Inappropriate agro-industrial development • Climate change has made it possible in some EAC countries like Tanzania to diversify and grow tropical commodities not possible in the past. • There also exist structural inefficiencies with respect to the functioning of value chains, specifically the way the sectors and ancillary support sectors such as packaging, labelling, branding, and marketing support agro- processing.
Potential Solution to inappropriate agro- industrial development in the EAC region 75
Potential Solution to Inappropriate agro- industrial development • (Domestic) resource mobilization to up- scale production & upgrade existing firms so as to ensure that the potential for the industry is fully utilized, especially in the banana and cassava sub-sectors • Provide credit for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) as well as guaranteed market access to agro- processors • Monitor quality of inputs for agriculture production and outputs, including combating industrial pollution
Potential Solution to Inappropriate agro- industrial development • Embrace the use of ICT in the agroindustry sector • Promote direct linkages between food manufacturing factories and farmers • Cross-cutting issues concerning the involvement of women and youth in agro- processing should be considered as a key issue of policy concern • Increasing irrigation, particularly in countries like Rwanda
Opportunities to Address Africa’s Agricultural Challenges 1 Agricultural Transformation and Sustained Growth 2 3 Sound Policy, Policy Implementation and Policy Leadership Systemic Capacity to Investment, Funding and Enable Transformation Institutional Support for and Growth Transformation Source: FANRPAN (017)
Info Required in Agric Life Cycle Source: Rwanda Ministry of Agriculture & Animal Resources (2016: 23)
MODULE 2: FEATURES OF SELECTED INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 80
Module 2: Objectives • To increase the knowledge and understanding of some key relevant international institutions and/or bodies responsible of policymaking and/or policy implementation mechanisms in the area of agriculture (including agro-industrial development) and climate negotiations.
Module 2: Learning Outcomes • Sharpen skills to interact with global institutions involved in negotiating agriculture and CC matters. • Be able to identify different organs of such global institutions in order to present the right material to the right platform when it comes to agriculture & CC negotiations in UNFCCC & WTO. • Be able to identify influential persons behind the running of these international institutions, with the view to rally positive energy towards favourable responses to the EAC position on agriculture and climate negotiations.
Module 2: Content • Key relevant features of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). • Main features of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). • Main features of the World Trade Organization (WTO). • Main features of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).
UNFCCC Institutions and Groups 84
The UNFCCC • The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) of 1992 remains the key intuition regarding deliberations on climate change. • In the UN process, in theory, each country holds an equal vote (Shanahan, 2007). However, in reality, there is a big difference in the negotiating power of individual nations. • African negotiators are usually poorly trained and equipped unlike their counterparts from developed countries, with the exception of South Africa.
The UNFCCC
The UNFCCC • The Conference of Parties (COP) is the UNFCCC’s supreme policymaking institution • The COP meets annually to deliberate on climate change issues, among them: mitigation, adaptation, financing, technology, education and awareness, and more recently, agriculture as well as loss and damage. • Since 1992, there has been 22 COPs, with the next COP (COP23) taking place in Bonne in November 2017.
The UNFCCC Two fundamental principles inbuilt within the UNFCCC that address climate justice are: (1) equity, and (2) common but differentiated responsibilities of Parties
Capability and equity issues: Case of 2008 stimulus packages (Billion $) Source: China Analyst , 2009: 3 89
Twin Track System of Negotiations: Until Recently (2015) UNFCCC Convention/COP CMP/KP Track Track Negotiated issues: Mitigation, Adaptation (including Agriculture and 37 Industrialized L&D), Means of implementation Countries (5.2% All Parties to the GHG Reductions – UNFCCC etc. 2008 to 2012) Source: Author 90
Formal Negotiation Groups UNFCCC European Union LDCs SIDS Africa Group G77+China Umbrella Environmental etc Integrity Group Group Source: Author 91
Informal Negotiation Groups China, India, Brazil, and South Africa (BASIC) Like Minded Developing OPEC Countries (LMDC) G20 G2 G7 G8+5 BRICS etc. Source: Author 92
EAC Involvement in Negotiation Groups Agence inter-gouvernementale de la francophonie (OIF) Landlocked developing LDCs countries Coalition of Africa Group G77+China Rainforest Cartagena Bilaterals etc. Dialogue Source: Author 93
Paris Agreement summarized Paris (Climate Change) Agreement 94 Khovanskaya, 2016
Paris Agreement summarized Article 1: Definitions Article 15: Article 2: Implementation Purposes & & compliance Scientific Basis Article 14: Article 3: Global Mitigation Stocktake Article 4: Article 13: Individual Transparency contributions Article 12: Education, Paris Agreement Training & Public Article 5: Forests awareness & carbon markets Article 11: Capacity Building Article 6: Cooperative Approach Article 10: Technology Development & Transfer Article 7: Article 9: Adaptation Article 8: Loss Funding & Damage Mechanisms
Paris 2015 and beyond 4 th November 2016, the Paris Agreement entered into force As of 4 September 2017, 160 Parties had ratified the PA out of the 197 Parties to the UNFCCC Convention On 5 October 2016, the threshold for entry into force of the Paris Agreement was achieved. The 1 st Session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA 1) took place in Marrakech, Morocco from 15-18 November 2016. Source: Data from http://unfccc.int/2860.php
WTO Institutions and Groups 97
WTO Institutions and Groups • WTO was formed in 1995 after the end of the cold war to regulate commerce between states. • Succeeded the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) of 1947. • Under the GATT there was an established practice wherein members would meet periodically to review tariff issues. • The meetings came to be known as the ‘Rounds of Negotiations’ and would entail the formulation of binding principles and policies.
WTO Institutions and Groups • Since the establishment of the WTO, its membership has been growing. • As of April 2017, there were 164 WTO members. • All the EAC member states are WTO members, by virtual of having been GATT members and were therefore part of the founding members of the WTO in 1995.
WTO Institutions and Groups • The WTO exists both as • (1) an institution with defined structures; and • (2) as well as a trading system. • As a trading system, it entails a complex web of agreements and codes of the GATT as well as the principles, rules and decisions of the Rounds of Negotiations. • WTO also includes all GATT panel decisions as well as those of the Dispute Settlement Body. • The WTO further embodies all decisions of the Contracting Parties.
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