Capital Cities Migration Results of the questionnaire Esher, 8th of March 2017
The ECTUN survey on migration to capital cities in Europe ETUI and the European Capitals Trade Unions Network (ECTUN) have conducted a questionnaire survey on the integration of migrant workers in European Capital Cities. 19 answers from 15 countries were collected on a range of issues concerning the distribution of migrants (EU mobile workers, non-EU migrants and asylum seekers), several aspects of their integration and trade union engagements to assist, support and recruit them. 2
Responding Capital Trade Unions EKA - Athens • DGB BERLIN-BRANDENBURG • • LO D • LO Stockholm • SAK GWU • USL/CGTP-IN • • SERTUC • CCOO de Madrid • UGT Madrid MTUF • LO N OSLO • • UNSA - URI • FO URIF CGIL Roma • CISL ROMA • UIL ROMA • • PODKREPA • Solidarumas Vilnius 3
Q 1.2 Main Regions of Migrants outside EU and Refugees/Asylum Seekers – 19/16 answers 6% Others 21% 6% Europe 47% 0% Northern America 16% 0% Latin America and the Caribbean 32% 31% Central/ Eastern/ Southern/ South-Eastern Asia 68% 81% Western Asia (middle East) 26% 44% Central/Eastern/Western/Southern Africa 47% 25% North Africa 37% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Refugees/Asylum Seekers Migrants outside EU 4
Q2 Main reasons to migrate to your capital – 18 answers 100,00 94% 100% 90,00 83% 80,00 70,00 60,00 50,00 44% 39% 40,00 28% 28% 30,00 22% 22% 20,00 17% 10,00 6% 6% 0,00 1. Work 2. Family 3. Humanitarian 4. Others - Study 4. Others - Retirement Intra-EU Outside EU Refugees/Asylum Seekers 5
Q3 Does irregular (or illegal) migrations constitute a problem in your capital? – 18 answers No:39% Yes: 61% Multiple answers were possible! 6
Q4 Estimated proportion of irregular migration – 18 answers 12 11 10 8 6 6 4 2 1 0 Less than 10% 10 - 30% More than 30% 7
Q5 What kind of migrants are allowed to work? – 19 answers 8
Q6 What proportion of the total workforce of your capital are migrants? – 19 answers 100,00 90,00 80,00 70,00 60,00 47% 50,00 42% 40,00 30,00 20,00 10% 10,00 0,00 0,00 Less than 10% 10% - 25% 25% - 35% More than 35% 9
Q7 In which economic sector(s) are migrant workers in your capital mainly to be found? - frequency of being mentioned – 19 answers Others - Municipal Services 5% Others - CEO at Multinational Companies 5% Others - Small business 5% Others - Commerce 11% Others - Cleaning 21% Social services 26% Educational Services 5% Health Services 42% Domestic sector/Private households 68% Catering establishments 58% Accommodation 53% Transportation 42% Manufacturing 63% Construction 89% Agriculture 42% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 10
Q8 Main problems facing migrant workers in your Capital – 12 answers 25% Other 33% Lower working… 75% 87% Lower wages 83% 69% Unemployment 58% Non-permanent work 75% 56% Illegal work 33% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Refugees/Asylum seekers outside EU Intra EU 11
Q9 Are there in place any controls on the working conditions of migrant workers? – 19 answers Q9.1 If yes, please specifiy No: 5% Other 32% Foreign affairs 32% police Work inspection 89% Yes: 95% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 12
Q10 94% the Trade Unions have activities directed at foreign/migrant workers? – 19/17 answers 94% 94% 96% 88% 88% 82% 76% 76% 80% 73% 70% 64% 61% 58% 53% 53% 47% 41% 41% 40% 41% 40% 40% 35% 18% 12% 7% intra-EU outside EU refugees/asylum seekers 13
Q11 21% do not organise migrant workers. The reasons are – 4 answers Other 1 Your organisation is only for national 3 workers Your organisation doesn’t consider it 0 important 14
Q12 What actions has your Trade Union taken during the last two years to organise/help migrants? - 15 answers 90% 82% 69% 80% 69% 65% 67% 70% 62% 60% 59% 60% 53% 46% 47% 47% 46% 47% 41% 50% 40% 38% 35% 40% 30% 18% 15% 13% 20% 10% 0% Intra_EU outside EU Refugees/Asylum seekers 15
Q13 Are other actions being planned? - 19 answers ● centre for refugees without official documents ● municipality initiatives ● information material, leaflet directed to migrant workers informing about their fundamental rights training directed to migrant workers ● 37% (language, others). ● in contact with small and medium 63% enterprises, awareness about migrant workers’ rights, health and safety at work. ● fight before the Parliament, for their rights ● training programme for workers councils on inclusion of refugees in employment ● advocacy work, developing counseling proposal for refugees. reinforcement of actions on refugees’ rights ● 16
Q14 was answered by 100% yes: Are there other organisations in your city that are involved in helping migrant workers - 19 answers ● Christian/church organisations Other 32% Governmental organisations ● Voluntary associations ● NGOs Local and regional trade union 95% ● Branches Migrants 79% Associations Public entities 89% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 17
Q15 was answered with 100% yes: Relation with the other organisations involved in helping migrant workers? - 18 answers ● partner of a secular network called working to receive refugees and asylum seekers. Other 26% ● offer legal aid regarding the work place collaboration agreement ● ● establishing cooperation between Trade Public 32% Unions branches, municipalities and demonstrations educational institutions ● participation in Municipal Councils e.g. for Interculturality and Citizenship Common actions 68% Meetings 79% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 18
Q16 What Public Bodies in your City/Region/Municipality support migrant people? - 18 answers Other 17% Q16 What Public Bodies in your City/Region/Municipality support migrant people? - 18 answers Specific Advice Bureau 67% Other 16,7 Meeting with stakeholders 56% Specific Advice Bureau 66,7 Meeting with stakeholders 55,6 Language support and training 83% Language support and training 83,3 Education 77,8 Education 78% Public Housing 38,9 Health support 83,3 Public Housing 39% Host and referral services 72,2 Health support 83% 0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 70,0 80,0 90,0 Host and referral services 72% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 19
Summary of the main findings: distribution of migrants by origin and pupose of migration In terms of intra-EU labour mobility, most frequent countries of origin to the capital cities involved in the survey were: Main reason to move was work (17), followed by family unification (7) ● and study (5). ● In terms of regular non-EU migration: Africa with 16 responses took the lead (7 of which Northern-Africa), followed by Asia (13) and non- EU Europe (9) . ● For non-EU regular migrants the number one reason was work (15), family unification (8) and humanitarian (4). ● For refugees and asylum seekers, the Middle-East (13 responses), Africa (11), Central-Asia ( 5) were mentioned with the main reason being humanitarian (18) and work (5). 20
Summary: perceptions about migration ● irregular migration causes a problem for their capital city (61% of answers), the majority (11 answers) thought the share of irregular migrants to be ● less than 10%, although one third felt this share to be between 10 and 30% (6). all migrants‘ share in the workforce was estimated to be between 10 and ● 25% (9), 8 responses found it under 10%, while 2 thought it was between 25 and 35%. ● migrants being allowed to work: EU citizens on top (18 responses), followed by migrants from specific countries (16), persons with granted asylum status (16), non-EU countries (15) and refugees (5). ● This is a clear indication that migration, in particular irregular migration is perceived as a major problem. 21
Summary: sectors and working conditions ● For economic sectors, migrants were found to work most often in construction (17), domestic services (13), manufacturing (12) and catering (11). Main problems facing migrants are low pay, lower working ● conditions, non-permanent work and unemployment were most frequently mentioned. Surprisingly, all three categories of migrants were seen as largely affected by all these with intra-EU migrants only seen somewhat less affected by unemployment . ● Control mechanisms for working condition were in place according to 18 respondents (out of 19), most frequently including Labour inspection (17) and foreign police (6). 22
Summary: trade union activities Trade union activities directed towards migrants 18 (out of 19) responses reported such activities: ● advice bureau: information about rights, about trade unions, ● fight against discrimination ● demonstration for migrants‘ rights (mostly in case of refugees) co-operation with partner unions (mostly for EU citizens) ● No major differention in the support activities by type of migration : ● More attention for unionising efforts and anti-discrimination efforts for EU citizens than for non EU migrants and refugees. ● While the majority of respondents (15) said trade unions organise migrant workers, 3 respondents mentioned that trade unions organise nationals only. 23
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