Ca lc ula ting the Ca rb o n F o o tprint o f F lo rida Ora ng e Juic e T ho ma s H. Spre e n Re ne e Go o dric h-Sc hne ide r Pune e t Dwive di
CO2 Concentrations in Earth’s Atmosphere are Rising Rapidly <= 350 ppm is level deemed sustainable (Hansen, NASA)
Global Warming Potential (GWP) of Greenhouse Gases 100 Year GWP Gas Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 1 Methane (CH 4 ) 21 Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) 310 Hydrofluorcarbons (HFCs) 150-11,700 Perfluorcarbons (PFCs) 6,500-9,200 Sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) 23,900 1 ton carbon = 3.66 tons CO2 equivalent
Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the US Source: U.S. Department of Energy-Energy Information Administration, 2006. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2005.
Policy Environment for Greenhouse Gas Control • Follows from success of cap-and-trade for sulfur-dioxide emissions in U.S. (1970s). • Kyoto protocol set declining cap on emissions referenced to 1990 levels. • European Union established emission allowances for each country. • Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) established trading platform in 2006. • Voluntary offset trading in US, Australia. • Various state-level policies in the U.S. • Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) for developing countries. • Copenhagen summit in Dec. 2009 discussed the next generation greenhouse gas treaty with the U.S. and China both making verbal committments. • Anticipate regulation-driven markets from cap-and-trade legislation in the U.S.
U.S. Carbon Markets •Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) •Regional (Northeast) Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) •California Climate Action Reserve (CCAR )
F lo rida OJ Pro duc tio n a nd Ca rb o n • U.S. a g ric ultura l inte re sts ha ve b e e n vo c a l in the ir o ppo sitio n to c a p-a nd -tra de e ve n tho ug h so me la ndo wne rs wo uld re a lize a ne w so urc e o f inc o me if c a p-a nd-tra de b e c o me s la w. • Wha t a re the ne t c a rb o n e missio ns a sso c ia te d with F lo rida o ra ng e juic e pro duc tio n, pa c ka g ing , a nd distrib utio n? • I t is impo rta nt to diffe re ntia te b e twe e n no t- fro m-c o nc e ntra te (NF C) a nd fro m c o nc e ntra te (F COJ). • T ro pic a na c o nduc te d its o wn e stima tio n o f the c a rb o n fo o tprint o f its T ro pic a na Pure Pre mium whic h wa s re le a se d Spring o f 2009.
Tropicana Carbon Footprint Estimate for NFC OJ 1.75kg per 64oz . growing the oranges 60% Transportation 22% Packaging 15% Disposal 3% Source: Florida Trend
• I n the ir study, the y e stima te d tha t 1.75 kg o f c a rb o n a re re le a se d pe r o ne -ha lf g a llo n o f NF C pro duc e d (e q uiva le nt to .92kg / l). • One pro b le m is the Pe psic o (the pa re nt c o mpa ny o f T ro pic a na ) ha s de c line d to re le a se the spe c ific s o f ho w the study wa s c o nduc te d. • I n a jo int e ffo rt a mo ng the F o o d a nd Re so urc e E c o no mic s a nd the F o o d Sc ie nc e a nd Huma n Nutritio n De pa rtme nts, a nd the Sc ho o l o f F o re st Re so urc e s a nd Co nse rva tio n a t UF , a study wa s initia te d to e stima te the c a rb o n fo o tprint o f NF C.
Pro c e dure • T re e nurse ry o pe ra to rs, g ro ve c a re ma na g e me nt o pe ra tio ns, a nd c itrus pro c e sso rs we re c o nta c te d. • T re e nurse ry o pe ra to rs we re a ske d to pro vide inputs use d pe r nurse ry tre e pro duc e d. I nputs inc lude fe rtilize r, spra y, irrig a tio n, a nd the me dium use d fo r the yo ung tre e . • Gro ve s a re a ssume d to b e pla nte d a t 150 tre e s pe r a c re a nd ha ve a n e xpe c te d life o f 30 ye a rs.
• F ruit a nd juic e yie lds a re ta ke n fro m the Citrus Summary , a n a nnua l pub lic a tio n pro duc e d jo intly b y the Unite d Sta te s De pa rtme nt o f Ag ric ulture a nd the F lo rida De pa rtme nt o f Ag ric ulture . • I nput use is b a se d upo n the re po rts pub lishe d a nnua lly b y Mura ro , e t a l. fro m the Unive rsity o f F lo rida . • Ca rb o n e missio ns me a sure d inc lude b o th dire c t a nd indire c t. Dire c t e missio ns a re tho se fro m tra c to rs, truc ks, a nd o the r pe tro le um po we re d e q uipme nt a s we ll a s die se l po we re d we lls fo r irrig a tio n.
• At the pro c e ssing pla nt, e ne rg y use re la te d to juic e e xtra c tio n, pa ste uriza tio n, a nd sto ra g e wa s c a lc ula te d. • I ndire c t e missio ns inc lude tho se e missio ns tha t re sult whe n inputs suc h a s fe rtilize r a nd pe stic ide s a re ma nufa c ture d. • A b o unda ry, ho we ve r, must b e pla c e d o n the syste m whic h re sults in so me c a rb o n e missio ns no t b e me a sure d. • F o r e xa mple , the g a so line c o nsume d b y the fina l b uye r o n he r trip to the supe rma rke t o r the e le c tric ity c o nsume d b y the supe rma rke t itse lf is no t “c ha rg e d” to o ra ng e juic e .
Nursery Tree Production Fertilizer Land Preparation Planting Spray Irrigation Tree Growth Carbon Sequestration Herbicide Harvest & Haul Tree Care Juice Extraction Feed Mill Pasteurization Bulk Storage Packaging Haul & Storage Final Purchase
Process diagram of a citrus processing mill Oranges Grading Storage Washing/Sanitizing Grading/Sizing Evaporator Cooling Storage NFC Juice Extractor Pulpy Juice Finishing Centrifuge Orange Juice Peel Oil Wet Peel Cooling Storage FCOJ Pulp Pulp wash Pasteurization Lime Defects Hammer Mill Reaction Time Press Liquid Waste Heat Evaporator d-Limonene Presses Press Cake Dryer Feed Molasses Dryer Feed Mill Boundary Pellets
Car bon Dioxide and Car bon E missions in the F lor ida NF C Pr oduc tion and Mar ke ting Chain g CO2/ Ha lf Ga l. g C/ Ha lf Ga l. Site Pre p 2.95 0.80 Grove Ma inte na nc e 1378.14 375.86 Ha rve st a nd Ha ul 39.84 10.87 Juic e E xtra c tion, Pa ste uriza tion, a nd Stora g e 518.80 141.49 Pa c ka g ing 90.44 24.67 T ra nsport to Re ta il 40.21 10.97 Stora g e a t Re ta il 303.95 82.90 T ota l 2374.33 647.54
Co nc luding Re ma rks • Ca rb o n e missio ns a nd c a rb o n fo o tprint c a lc ula tio ns a re b e c o ming impo rta nt to pic s. • A study o f the c a rb o n fo o tprint o f NF C o ra ng e juic e ha s b e e n initia te d b y UF . • Our first se t o f re sults sug g e st tha t .725 kg o f c a rb o n is e mitte d b e o ne -ha lf g a llo n o f o ra ng e juic e in the g ro wing , ha rve sting , a nd tra nspo rt pha se s. T his numb e r is sub sta ntia lly lo we r tha t the 1.05 kg e stima te d b y T ro pic a na .
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