BMA-ANGD-A2 Linguistic Theory 1. Morphology and morphophonology - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Linguistic Theory BMA-ANGD-A2 Page 1 of 11 BMA-ANGD-A2 Linguistic Theory 1. Morphology and morphophonology — (phonological) relations between word forms Törkenczy Miklós Dept of English Linguistics, Eötvös Loránd University (1) Morphological relatedness words that are (partially) similar morphologically = contain identical morphemes (not necessary exhaustively) UNRELATED: cats – dog bear N – bear V morphologically RELATED: dog – dogs cat – cathood cats – dogs vain – vanity go – went (2) Phonological relatedness words that are (partially) similar phonologically = contain identical/similar phonemes (not necessary exhaustively) UNRELATED: cat – dog go – went bear N – bear V phonologically RELATED: bear N – bear V dog – dogs cat – cathood cats – dogs vain – vanity r ~ y udHm ~ uzm ad? cPf jzs

Linguistic Theory BMA-ANGD-A2 Page 2 of 11 (3) Phonological & morphological relatedness Morph unrelated related cat .jzs. – dog .cPf. go .f?T. – went .vdms. unrelated (suppletivism) Phon bear N .ad?. – bear V .ad?. cat .jzsr. – dog .cPfr. related (homonymy) vain .udHm. – vanity .uzm?sh.

Linguistic Theory BMA-ANGD-A2 Page 3 of 11 (4) Words: phonological word, grammatical word, lexeme i. a. I will put the book away. 1 phon. word 4 gr. words 1 abstract word b. When I leave, I put the book away. 'word forms' c. When I left, I put the book away. d. I have put the book away. ii. a. I will be on vacation. 4 phon. words 4 gr. words 1 abstract word b. Next week, I am on vacation. 'word forms' c. Last week, I was on vacation. d. I have been on vacation. iii. abstract word = LEXEME has all the properties that the words realising it share and abstracts away from the differences that distinguish them BE be being am is are was were been paradigm

Linguistic Theory BMA-ANGD-A2 Page 4 of 11 (5) Morphological relationship between words i. between word-forms realising the same lexeme: inflection inflectional morphology deducing the phonological and grammatical properties of the words realizing a lexeme: DO = do, does, did paradigm =the full system of words realising a lexeme ii. between different, morphologically related lexemes : derivation word-formation deducing the properties of one lexeme from those of one or more other lexemes derivational morphology DO = UNDO (6) Morphological relationships may or may not have phonological consequences yes no i. inflection DO = do Base , done PastPart CUT = cut Base , cut PastPart ii. derivation DEEP = DEEPEN DRINK N = DRINK V

Linguistic Theory BMA-ANGD-A2 Page 5 of 11 (7) How to distinguish inflection from derivation? (7.1) Derivation may be category-changing, inflection may not. a. book = books (N = N) but black = blacken (Adj>V) b. do = undo (V = V) c. ambiguity -ing They are discouraging everyone. present participle (inflection: V = V) the most discouraging news adjective (derivation: V = Adj) Is there a detectable difference? in English: yes *the most discouraging everyone news (7.2) Productivity: inflection tends to be complete, derivation tends not to be. a. verb = verb PAST (almost) for all verbs but -ness vs. -ity awkwardness distinctness weirdness vanity confidentiality

Linguistic Theory BMA-ANGD-A2 Page 6 of 11 c. problem: defective paradigms, paradigm gaps They used to live there. He told us to beware of the dog. AmE He has *?dived/dove/diven everywhere in the States. He dove there. (7.3) Inflection tends to be semantically regular, derivation is often not semantically regular. a. go - went vs. Barnum - barnumize sit - sat dollar - dollarize look - looked poster - posterize b. exception: semantically regular derivation: X ADJ -ly 'in an X manner' c. exception: semantically irregular inflection: brother - brethren vs. N - N PLURAL

Linguistic Theory BMA-ANGD-A2 Page 7 of 11 (7.4) Inflection is syntactically determined, derivation is not. a. [ every ___ ] N SINGULAR [both ___ ] NP LURAL [ hasn't ___ ] V PAST PARTICIPLE [ ___ than ever ] Adj COMPARATIVE b. [ ___ ] can cause unhappiness. simple or complex N: love kindness vanity censorship adulthood [...] (7.5) Inflectional affixes are peripheral to derivational ones. a. a *thornsy plant, several *shoesless children b. exceptions: worsen, betterment

Linguistic Theory BMA-ANGD-A2 Page 8 of 11 (8) Morphological operations expressing inflection/derivation affixation (pre-, suf-, in-) book = books do = undo (absolutely = absofuckinglutely) mutation louse = lice reduplication fancy = fancy-schmancy bagel = bagel-schmagel conversion (zero affixation) drink V = drink N truncation/clipping Albert = Al combinations of processes truncation+affixation Patricia Pattie = (9) Other morphological operations cliticisation (proclitic, enclitic) I am I'm = compounding black+bird blackbird = blending boat+hotel boatel =

Linguistic Theory BMA-ANGD-A2 Page 9 of 11 (10) Phonological consequences of morphological operations: alternation alternating vs. non-alternating morphemes seem .rh9l. vs. mean .lh9m. ~ .ldm. productivity (frequency of phonological change): suppletive vs. non-suppletive go – went vs. .oTk. ~ .oT4. location of alternation base vs. affix vain~vanity seems~looks~misses both knife~knives conditioning of alternation phonological seems~looks~misses vs. morphological H: fa 'tree'~fák 'tree PL ' vs. lexical knife~knives (compare roof – roofs)

Linguistic Theory BMA-ANGD-A2 Page 10 of 11 (11) Inflection: paradigms, inflectional categories/morphosyntactic dimensions, morphosyntactic properties/values PARADIGM: the full system of words realising a lexeme INFLECTIONAL CATEGORIES / MORPHOSYNTACTIC DIMENSIONS groups of grammatical properties/values expressed by a language's inflectional morphology MORPHOSYNTACTIC PROPERTIES grammatical properties/values expressed by a language's inflectional morphology English nouns paradigm dog, dogs (?dog's) inflectional categories NUMBER (? CASE ) morphosyntactic properties singular, plural; (general, genitive)

Linguistic Theory BMA-ANGD-A2 Page 11 of 11 Complex example: The Hungarian verbal paradigm (52 cells; syncretism, paradigm gap, variation) Present Past Present Present indicative indicative subjunctive-imperative conditional indefinite definite indefinite definite indefinite definite indefinite definite akarok akarom akartam akartam akarjak akarjam akarnék akarnám 1Sg 2Sg akarsz akarod akartál akartad akarjál / akarj akarjad / akard akarnál akarnád akar akarja akart akarta akarjon akarja akarna akarná 3Sg 1Pl akarunk akarjuk akartunk akartuk akarjunk akarjuk akarnánk akarnánk 2Pl akartok akarjátok akartatok akartátok akarjatok akarjátok akarnátok akarnátok 3Pl akarnak akarják akartak akarták akarjanak akarják akarnának akarnák 1Sg2 obj akarlak akartalak akarjalak akarnálak inflectional categories (morphosyntactic dimensions) morphosyntactic properties/values present, past TENSE indicative, subjunctive-imperative, conditional MOOD PERSON / NUMBER 1sg, 2sg, 3sg, 1pl, 2pl, 3pl, 1sg/2 definite, indefinite DEFINITENESS

Linguistic Theory BMA-ANGD-A2 Page 1 of 25 BMA-ANGD-A2 Linguistic Theory 2. Morphology and morphophonology — (phonological) relations between word forms Törkenczy Miklós Dept of English Linguistics, Eötvös Loránd University (1) English inflectional morphology: isolating type • small regular exponent inventory syncretism = periphrastic constructions • irregular inflectional morphology verbs: past & past participle nouns: plural (adj: comparative & superlative) • inflectional affix = all suffixes • max: 1 infl. affix/word

Linguistic Theory BMA-ANGD-A2 Page 2 of 25 (1.1) Forms: the regular subsystem of inflectional exponents (Blevins 2006)

Linguistic Theory BMA-ANGD-A2 Page 3 of 25 (1.2) Inflectional categories and inflectional properties (Stump 2005)

Linguistic Theory BMA-ANGD-A2 Page 4 of 25 (2) Inflection: nouns (declension) (2.1) The Genitive: case or no case: morphology or syntax? John's cat [ NP John]'s cat the attorney general's hat [ NP the attorney general]'s hat the director of personnel's office [ NP the director of personnel]’s office the guy next door's voice [ NP the guy next door]'s voice that man you met yesterday’s bicycle [ NP that man you met yesterday]’s bicycle

Linguistic Theory BMA-ANGD-A2 Page 5 of 25 (2.2) Number: singular vs. plural Type Exponent Exx Regular -s cat Zr\ , dog Zy\ , bus ZHy\ --- base-final C-change + -s knives, wives Zuy\ ... (vs. proofs Zer\ ) (‘voicing plural’) paths, mouths ZCy\ ... (vs. myths ZSr\ ) houses ZyHy\ (vs. choices ZrHy\ ) vowel change man – men woman – women tooth – teeth, goose – geese Irregular foot – feet (suppletive) louse – lice, mouse – mice -en child – children, brother – brethren, ox – oxen zero sheep, grouse, salmon, deer ... (‘zero plural’) barracks, headquarters, species, series, dice, ... Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese ... Apache, Bedouin, Navajo, Roma ...