Biomonitoring: A Tool for : A Tool for Biomonitoring Science and Policy Science and Policy Gina M. Solomon, M.D., M.P.H. Gina M. Solomon, M.D., M.P.H. Senior Scientist, NRDC Senior Scientist, NRDC Director, OEM Residency Program at UCSF Director, OEM Residency Program at UCSF Scientific Guidance Panel, CA Biomonitoring Biomonitoring Program Program Scientific Guidance Panel, CA
Biomonitoring is useful to: is useful to: Biomonitoring � Identify emerging hazards; Identify emerging hazards; � � Pinpoint populations with higher exposures; Pinpoint populations with higher exposures; � � Understand the range of exposures within the Understand the range of exposures within the � population; population; � Evaluate the effectiveness of policy measures to Evaluate the effectiveness of policy measures to � reduce exposures; reduce exposures; � Strengthen human health research; Strengthen human health research; � � Improve risk assessment. Improve risk assessment. �
What Biomonitoring Biomonitoring Has Told Us Has Told Us What About Exposures in the Population: About Exposures in the Population: The data are skewed – the upper end exposures are much higher than the mean (average).
Dibutyl Phthalate Levels Higher in Women: Phthalate Levels Higher in Women: Dibutyl Why? Why? Dibutyl Phthalate Metabolite in Urine 140 120 Ug/g creatinine 100 80 Mean 95th Percentile 60 40 20 0 Male Female Silva MJ, Barr DB, Reidy JA, et al. Urinary levels of seven phthalate metabolites in the U.S. population from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2000. Environ Health Perspect. 112(3):331-8, 2004.
Mercury Levels Higher in New Yorkers Mercury Levels Higher in New Yorkers Geometric mean and 95% CI for blood lead, cadmium and mercury concentrations in adults residing in NYC compared with the United States overall, NYC HANES 2004, and NHANES 1999–2002 (CDC 2005a). Environ Health Perspect. 2007 October; 115(10): 1435–1441.
NY Study: Asians & Upper Income NY Study: Asians & Upper Income Women at Highest Risk from Mercury Women at Highest Risk from Mercury NY HANES Mercury Exposures 25 20 15 Ug/L 10 5 0 e Y e S e Y n g m l N E a i N a t n i N o s r e e e c n A A m n v c a H A r I i - o - s e N c h A h p Y n g t 5 N I i h - H 9 t h 5 g h 9 i t H 5 9 Environ Health Perspect. 2007 October; 115(10): 1435–1441.
PBDE’ ’s s: An Emerging Hazard : An Emerging Hazard PBDE 4.5 120 PBDE Total TEQ (PCDD/PCDF/PCB) 4.0 100 3.5 3.0 80 PBDE (ng/g fat) (pg/g fat) 2.5 60 TEQ 2.0 1.5 40 1.0 20 0.5 0.0 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Year Figure 1. Organohalogen compounds in breast milk in Sweden. Abbreviations: PCB, polychlorinated biphenyl; PCDD, polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxin; PCDF, polychlorinated dibenzofuran; PBDE, polybromonated diphenylether; TEQ, toxic equivalent. (Norén K and Meironyté D, 1998; Guvenius DM and Norén K, 2001)
Geography and PBDEs PBDEs Geography and Median Levels of 3 Abundant PBDE Congeners in North American and European Breast Milk, Blood, and Adipose Tissue 40 35 30 BDE-153 25 BDE-99 ng/g fat 20 BDE-47 15 10 5 0 U.S., Indiana, U.S., SF Bay U.S., Texas, Canada, Germany, Sw eden, Finland, 2001 Area, Late 2002 2002 2000 2000 1994-1998 1990s
Polybrominated Diphenyl Diphenyl Ethers Ethers Polybrominated (PBDEs PBDEs) ) ( � Structurally similar to PCBs Structurally similar to PCBs � and dioxins; and dioxins; � Persistent, Persistent, lipophilic lipophilic, , � bioaccumulative; ; bioaccumulative Br Br � Interfere with thyroxin, Interfere with thyroxin, O � neurodevelopmental neurodevelopmental Br toxicants in lab animals; Br toxicants in lab animals; Br � Not yet tested for Not yet tested for � carcinogenicity. carcinogenicity. California legislative ban in 2003 – Effective in 2008
California Environmental Contaminant California Environmental Contaminant Biomonitoring Program Program Biomonitoring � Authorized in 2006 (SB 1379) Authorized in 2006 (SB 1379) � � Goals: Goals: � � Determine baseline levels of environmental Determine baseline levels of environmental � contaminants in a representative sample of contaminants in a representative sample of Californians. Californians. � Establish temporal trends in contaminant levels. Establish temporal trends in contaminant levels. � � Assess effectiveness of public health efforts and Assess effectiveness of public health efforts and � regulatory programs to reduce exposures of regulatory programs to reduce exposures of Californians to specific chemical contaminants. Californians to specific chemical contaminants. � Budget ~ $5 million Budget ~ $5 million �
California Priorities California Priorities � Chemicals measured by CDC that may differ in CA Chemicals measured by CDC that may differ in CA � (eg eg. . cotinine cotinine, mercury, , mercury, perchlorate perchlorate); ); ( � Chemicals recently banned or regulated in CA Chemicals recently banned or regulated in CA � (eg eg. . PBDEs PBDEs, phthalates, diesel markers); , phthalates, diesel markers); ( � Emerging chemical substitutions Emerging chemical substitutions � (eg eg. D5, other flame retardants, plasticizers); . D5, other flame retardants, plasticizers); ( � Chemicals of special concern in CA Chemicals of special concern in CA � (eg eg. certain pesticides). . certain pesticides). (
Emerging Flame Retardants Emerging Flame Retardants Bis(2- -ethylhexyl) ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate tetrabromophthalate Bis(2 � � Bis(hexachlorocyclopentadieno)cyclooctane ( ( Dechlorane Dechlorane Bis(hexachlorocyclopentadieno)cyclooctane � � Plus) Plus) 1,2- -Bis(2,4,6 Bis(2,4,6- -tribromophenoxy)ethane tribromophenoxy)ethane 1,2 � � Decabromodiphenylethane Decabromodiphenylethane � � 1,2- -Dibromo Dibromo- -4 4- -(1,2 (1,2- -dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (DBECH) dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (DBECH) 1,2 � � 2- -Ethylhexyl Ethylhexyl- -2,3,4,5 2,3,4,5- -tetrabromobenzoate tetrabromobenzoate 2 � � Hexabromocyclododecane Hexabromocyclododecane � � Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl- -dibromocyclooctane dibromocyclooctane Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl � � Pentabromoethylbenzene Pentabromoethylbenzene � � Short- -chain chlorinated chain chlorinated paraffins paraffins Short � � Tetrabromobisphenol A A Tetrabromobisphenol � � Tris(1,3- -dichloro dichloro- -2 2- -propyl)phosphate propyl)phosphate Tris(1,3 � � Tris(2- -chloroethyl)phosphate chloroethyl)phosphate Tris(2 � �
Pros and Cons of Biomonitoring Biomonitoring Pros and Cons of � Still difficult to use for Still difficult to use for � � Clinical relevance for individuals; Clinical relevance for individuals; � � Quantitative risk assessment. Quantitative risk assessment. � � Excellent for Excellent for � � Population trends Population trends – – time and space; time and space; � � Range of exposures in population; Range of exposures in population; � � Emerging hazards; Emerging hazards; � � Research. Research. � Biomonitoring keeps a finger on the pulse of population exposures
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