2/18/2013 CLIMATE • Produced by uneven heating of the planet by the sun • Determines types of biomes BIOMES MES • Influences organisms that live in biomes – major abiotic factors • temperature range • amount of rainfall Climate: Uneven Heating of Earth Climate: Precipitation Different location ions on Earth Uneven en heating drives es global patter erns s – Near equator (0 ° latitude) receiv ive different amounts of winds s and prec ecipitation • Warm air absorbs moisture, of solar energy rises and forms clouds • Clouds produce rainfall Equator or: – Reason why tropics have • sun’s rays strike the Earth directly warm temps and heavy rainfall year round Farther from equator or: – 30 ° N and 30 ° S latitudes • rays strike Earth at lower • Dry air descends and warms angle again – Worlds largest deserts 3 Climate ate Zones es • solar energy has to be spread over found in these regions Tropics larger area and absorb less heat Temperate zones – Higher/lower latitudes • Areas absorb less heat and are • Moving air absorbs moisture Polar zones colder the further away from the and produces precipitation equator again Local Climate Climate: Winds and Ocean Currents • Affected by: Wind Patterns : produced by moving air masses and Earth’s rotation • large bodies of water Ocean Currents : produced by combination of wind patterns, uneven » absorb and release heat gradually heating of Earth's surface, rotation of the Earth, and shapes of the continents » shore areas - cooler in summer/ milder in winter • mountains » air temperature declines as altitude increases » climates on each side of mountain differ - one side wet, one side dry Surface currents affect the climate on the continents 1
2/18/2013 BIO IOMES ES Microclimate • the climate in a specific area that varies from the surrounding climate region Freshwater Marine Desert Forest Grassland Tundra • the world's major communities (ecosystems) • may be as small as a few square feet or as large • classified according to the predominant flora as many square miles (vegetation) and fauna (animals) • characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular environment • do not have distinct boundaries, overlap each other Major Biomes of the World Biome type in relation to temperature and rainfall Biomes animation Productivity of Biomes AQUATIC IC BIOMES ES • occupy most of the biosphere Basic Necessities for Photosynthesis 1. Freshwater: average salinity 1% or less lakes/ponds 1. Sunlight rivers/streams wetlands 2. Water 2. Marin ine: average salinity 3% 3. Warm temperatures intertidal regions coral reefs 4. Nutrients oceanic pelagic zones abyssal zones 3. Brackis kish: mixture of salt/fresh estuaries 2
2/18/2013 Fresh shwater er Stratification of Aquatic Biomes • low salt concentr entration – usually less than 1% • plants and animals in freshwater regions are would not be able to survive in areas of high salt concentration • Zones based on light penetration: • only 3% of the world's water is fresh – 99% of this is either frozen in glaciers and pack ice or is buried in aquifers Vertic ical l zones – remainder is found in lakes, ponds, rivers, and wetlands – photic ic zone - light sufficient for photosynthesis – aphot otic ic zone - light insufficient for photosynthesis • three ee zones es 1. lakes and ponds • Temperatures vary with depth 2. rivers and streams – Thermoc oclin line - a narrow band of water where temperature 3. wetlands suddenly changes Freshwater Freshwater Lake Zones 1. 1. Lakes s and Ponds • Inhabited by fishes, otter, muskrat, ducks, • littor oral l zone - inshore, shallow, loons, turtles, snakes, salamanders, frogs high light levels A. eutrop ophic lakes • limnetic ic zone - offshore, high light - rich in organic matter and vegetation levels, upper regions - waters relatively murky of water column - bacteria increase when feeding on decaying organisms, used dissolved oxygen, eventually using oxygen needed for other organisms • profundal l zone - aphotic *eutrif ific ication on • benthic ic zone - bottom substrate B. oligot otrop ophic ic lakes often rich in detritus - little organic matter - clearer water - sandy or rocky bottom - desireable fishery of large fish Freshwater Freshwater 3. Wetlands • covered by fresh water for part of the year 2. Rivers and Streams • most productive freshwater ecosystems • Body of freshwater that flows in one direction down a gradient or slope • wide variety of birds, ducks, fishes, mammals, toward its mouth amphibian, invertebrates, and reptiles • Begin at headwaters: springs, snowmelt, or lakes • act as stop-overs for migratory animals – At source: cooler temp., clearer, higher O2 levels • act as flood control and filters to clean pollutants - Freshwater trout, heterotrophs – Middle: species diversity increases: green plants and algae – marsh shes es: woody plants such as cattails – Mouth: murky from sediments, less light, less O2 – swamps: woody plants such as trees and shrubs - Catfish, carp (need less O2) • Swift rivers - fewer organisms, must adapt to currents – bogs: dominated by mosses • Slow movin ing - richer in nutrients, greater diversity of life forms 3
2/18/2013 Marine Marine 1. Oceans 1. ns • covers about 70% earth – Largest of all ecosystems • average depth 2.3 mi., deepest 6.8 mi. • approximately 3% salinity – Great diversity of species • marine organisms affected by availability of light 1. oceans – Divided into separate zones like lakes 2. coral reefs 3. estuaries Ocean Zones Marine • intertid idal – where ocean meets land - region that is covered at high tide, but exposed at low tide - organisms must withstand waves • nerit itic ic zone - inshore, shallow, high light – most organisms and species (plankton) 2. Coral Reefs 2. • coral reefs - widely distributed in warm shallow waters • oceanic ic zone - offshore, high to low light along continents, island, and atolls – less organisms that neritic – upper zone: protists, bacteria, plants - dominated by corals – lower zone: near freezing temp. • pelagic ic zone - water column; contains - contain microorganisms, invertebrates, fishes, both photic and aphotic regions sea urchins, octopuses, and sea stars • benthic ic zone - bottom surface; often pictures rich in detritus TERRE REST STIAL IAL BIOM OMES Marine Major Land Masses 1. Tundra 3. Estua tuaries es 2. Forest • areas where freshwater streams or rivers merge with the 3. Grassland ocean 4. Desert • brackish (fresh/salt) • contain algae, seaweeds, marsh grasses, and mangrove trees (only in the tropics) • support a diverse fauna, including a variety of worms, oysters, crabs, and waterfowl. 4
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