Benjamin Heydecker Professor of Transport Studies Centre for Transport Studies University College London ben@transport.ucl.ac.uk
Developing a Greener Supply Chain: The Main Challenges in Reducing Transport Impact Benjamin Heydecker Centre for Transport Studies, UCL
Impact of transport logistics Delivering the food customers require - from seed to table Impacts: – Environmental pollution • Global: CO 2 • Local: NO x PM n CO HC Acoustic … – Congestion • Delay experienced • Delay caused to others – Accidents – Infrastructure wear and tear Challenges in reducing transport impact 3
Opportunities for change Consider: – Scale of issue – Scope for reduction – Effectiveness of measures Transport of UK food: – 32 bn vehicle-km (of which 26 bn in the UK) – 25% of HGV vehicle-km traffic in the UK – 19 Mt of CO 2 (of which 10 Mt in the UK) Challenges in reducing transport impact 4
Opportunities for change Scale of issues Estimates £M CO 2 Air quality Noise Congestion Accidents Infrastructure Total costs UK HGV 120 165 123 1359 327 387 2480 UK LGV 21 48 27 1056 148 4 1303 UK Car 46 24 42 2576 965 9 3662 UK to OS r 43 54 39 52 115 141 443 Overseas 49 76 52 144 451 275 1048 Source: AEA Technology (2005) Challenges in reducing transport impact 5
Where the costs arise in UK food transport Congestion dominates: 5187 out of 9123 £M of which, car causes 2576 Accidents : 2036 of which, cars cause 965 HGV is largest in: CO 2 120 out of 364 Air Q 165 “ 439 Noise 123 “ 283 Inf’struct 387 “ 815
Modes used to move UK food freight Goods moved Goods lifted Source: Transport Statistics Great Britain 2007 Source: Transport Statistics Great Britain 2007 200 2000 Road Rail 150 1500 Water Million tonnes Road Billion t-km Pipeline Rail 1000 100 Water Pipeline 50 500 0 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year Year Most traffic by road Bulk of good by road Increasing movement Increasing volume Challenges in reducing transport impact 7
How far we move UK food freight Mean distance (2005) km Distance travelled (UK) _________ 500 UK: Road 87 400 Rail 204 Road 300 Rail Water 459 Km Water Pipeline 200 Pipeline 65 100 All 112 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year Imports: UK vehicle >3.5t Road 662 Challenges in reducing transport impact 8
Where the CO 2 in food is used Food and catering (UK, 2005) Source: Carbon Trust: Carbon footprints in the supply chain (CTC 616, 2006) 82 out of UK total of 648 Mt CO 2 Of which: Direct 18 Indirect 57 Travel 7 Might be better to grow some food away from UK Spanish tomatoes Specialist ingredients Challenges in reducing transport impact 9
Air quality impacts: London low emission zone Greater London Area Affects commercial vehicles Standards on particulates: February 2008: EURO III January 2012: EURO IV Otherwise £200 daily charge Challenges in reducing transport impact 10
Congestion impacts: when to distribute Experienced and caused congestion Inflow profile and queue length 150 60 150 60 Flow (per hour) Flow (per hr) Queue length Queue length 100 40 100 40 50 20 50 20 0 0 0 0 6 7 8 9 10 11 6 7 8 9 10 11 Time (hour of the day) Time (hour of the day) Delay lags behind demand Congestion caused peaks early Conclusion: Distribute before or long after peak periods Challenges in reducing transport impact 11
Engage consumers: remember lead additives Transport Transport Pollutant (2001) (source: NAEI) (M Tonnes) proportion (%) Carbon dioxide CO 2 41.90 27 Nitrogen oxides NO x 0.93 56 Volatile organic compounds VOC 0.30 20 Lead Pb: (1985) 0.00717 92 (2001) 0.00019 11 Challenges in reducing transport impact 12
Effect of consumers’ choice Lead (Pb) Emissions in UK, 1970 - 2002 Customer preference: unleaded petrol Despite suppliers’ concerns Bio fuels? Challenges in reducing transport impact 13
Opportunities for change Depend on balance of activities as between : • Production and distribution • Supplier and customer • Methods of distribution: • Time • Mode • Location of source and retail Plan actions in context of the whole Recruit customer support
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