Basic Safety Analysis of Buildings from an Architectural Perspective Based on NBC 2016 Standards Department of Architecture and Planning Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
What do we mean by Building System Analysis? • A process that measures how a building's performance compares to the specified design . • Building Analysis is a general name given to the techniques applied by architects to assess the functioning of a building both pre and post occupancy. Types: • Pre Occupancy Analysis • Pre Construction Site Survey • Site Logistics Survey • Ongoing Construction Safety and Quality Check • Building Level Construction External - Visual Survey • Building Services – Visual Survey • Finishing and Interiors – Visual Survey • Post Occupancy Analysis • Facility Management Survey • Retrofitting Requirement Analysis • Energy Usage Analysis 1 of 45
Components of building resilience Robustness : the ability to maintain critical operations and functions in the face of crisis. Resourcefulness : the ability to skilfully prepare for, respond to, and manage a crisis or disruption as it unfolds. Rapid recovery : the ability to return to and/or reconstitute normal operations as quickly and efficiently as possible after a disruption. 2 of 45
The National Building Code of India - 2016 • A comprehensive building code providing guidelines for regulating the building construction activities across the country. • Published by the Bureau of Indian Standards as SP 7: 2016 • A Model Code for adoption by all agencies involved in building construction works be they Public Works Departments, other government construction departments, local bodies or private construction agencies. • The code mainly contains: • Administrative Regulations • Development Control Rules • General Building Requirements • Fire Safety Requirements • Stipulations regarding Materials Usage • Structural Design & Construction Specifications • Building Services • Approach to Sustainability • Asset and Facility management 3 of 45
Pre Occupancy Analysis Pre Construction Site Survey • The general topographical condition of the site is documented and analysed. The points to be considered during this survey are: Natural Orientation of site and effect of natural • features like trees, water bodies, slopes, mounds etc. Distance from existing Municipal infrastructure and • major waterbodies like rivers, lakes or ponds Ground water level and condition of Soil • Boundary conditions to the existing site (Natural or • Man-made) Useable slope and areas to be modified for using • cutting and filling. 4 of 45
Pre Occupancy Analysis Site Logistics Survey • The workings of the site in question during the period of construction is planned, so as to avoid problems when the construction is in progress, the points to remember are: Location and placement of bulk materials, steel, • formwork equipment and batching plant. Placement of finishing materials like wood, tiles etc. • Accessibility of Transit Mixers. • Placement of the Tower Cranes and the radius of • safety around them. Proper placement, hygiene and facilities like • drinking water for the workforce accommodation , including a site hospital or first aid facility. 5 of 45
Pre Occupancy Analysis Ongoing Construction Safety and Quality Check • The safety of the construction workforce and their operation areas is very important to ensure good quality construction. Some of the thigs to be kept in mind are: The mandatory provision and proper usage of • personal construction safety equipment. The proper checking of supporting infrastructure • like scaffolding, MLCP/RLCP, cranes, concrete pumps etc. Regular mock Fire drills education and awareness • of workforce towards personal safety and its importance. Periodic documentation of construction quality by • authorised personal. Random visits by site safety officers to help ensure • an accident free quality construction zone. 6 of 45
Pre Occupancy Analysis Building Construction Survey - External • Construction work, although constantly supervised by engineers, requires teams of quality officers to assess and maintain the quality of construction, following a certain number of steps like: Development of a mock case before • execution . Visual survey of the construction stage-wise, • to identify and correct defects arising during construction . Proper documentation of each construction • stage and material used to gauge wastage and further requirements. 7 of 45
Pre Occupancy Analysis Building Services • Building services include the mechanical, electrical and plumbing services combined together for the proper functioning of a building: Mechanical Services : These include the proper • functioning of the elevator systems, HVAC etc. Electrical Services : These include the setup of • electrical rooms and power supply to the building and also to the individual areas within the building that require electricity. Plumbing Services : These include the setup of • various fire fighting related services, establishment of STP, WTP and also common water related plumbing works in a building. 8 of 45
Pre Occupancy Analysis Finishing and Interior Survey • The interior aspects of a building require special attention before and after construction, some of which are listed below: Proper laying and sloping of flooring surfaces. • Proper water proofing and damp proofing of • the roof and around areas that are prone to get and stay wet. Proper design and material choices to help • avoid accidents like Anti Slip tiles, Fire Rated Doors, raised entry to electrical rooms etc. 9 of 45
Post Occupancy Analysis Facility Management Survey • The proper management of a facility post occupancy is probably the most ignored task in a building’s life. Below are some points to keep in mind while doing this survey: Proper functioning and maintenance of all fire • fighting equipment, public announcement systems and alarms. Ensuring spaces are used as per their design • intentions . Constant use, service, repair and • maintenance of common infrastructure life elevators, common areas lighting, STP’s and WTP’s etc. 10 of 45
Post Occupancy Analysis Retrofitting Requirement and Analysis • Due to various reasons sometimes the spaces constructed don’t function as intended. Retrofitting is done to make these places more functional or perform better. • This retrofitting requires a lot of analysis to be done before hand to understand the scope, use and effect of the intended retrofit. These are the things to keep in mind while planning a retrofit: Possibility of solving the issue without retrofit. • Effect of the retrofit on the occupants and building • performance. Level of requirement of the retrofit and various • alternatives with cost implications. 11 of 45
Post Occupancy Analysis Energy Usage Analysis • Energy consumption is one of the biggest reasons people opt for retrofitting. The energy consumption analysis can give us an idea of how to operate the building most efficiently. • Some of the points to remember while doing an energy usage analysis are: Comparison of amount of energy required in an • ideal case vs. existing case. Areas of maximum usage and how to reduce it. • In case of Photovoltaics, the amount of energy • produced compared to the amount used. The intelligent regular monitoring of usage to • identify peaks and spikes to tackle etc. 12 of 45
Basic Architectural Analysis of Mahatma Gandhi Central Library IITR 2014 13 of 45
Levels of Assessment SITE LEVEL BUILDING LEVEL SERVICES INTERIORS FINANCE FACILITY MANAGEMENT 14 of 45
Levels of Assessment Contours Vegetation SITE LEVEL Zoning Front, side and rear margins BUILDING LEVEL Services SERVICES Roadways INTERIORS FINANCE FACILITY MANAGEMENT 15 of 45
Levels of Assessment Structure SITE LEVEL Materials used BUILDING LEVEL Floor plans Accessibility SERVICES Services INTERIORS Fenestration Façade FINANCE Safety features Quality and Aesthetics FACILITY MANAGEMENT 15 of 45
Levels of Assessment SITE LEVEL Electrical BUILDING LEVEL Plumbing and Sanitation SERVICES HVAC Fire safety and protection INTERIORS Vertical and horizontal circulation FINANCE Façade engineering FACILITY MANAGEMENT 15 of 45
Levels of Assessment SITE LEVEL BUILDING LEVEL Space management Materials used SERVICES Doorways INTERIORS Lighting Ventilation Furnishing FINANCE Thermal comfort FACILITY MANAGEMENT 15 of 45
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