TRO Conference 2017 April Powell, Katlyn Alcorn, Kaitlin Lindsay
● Introduction of presenters and topic ● Purpose statement and hypothesis ● Results of literature review ● Methodology and data collection ● Audience participation ● Data analysis ● Findings ● Relation to therapeutic recreation ● Wrap up ● Questions
● April Powell ○ Brock University- Bachelor of Recreation and Leisure Studies- Therapeutic Recreation (Honours) with First Class Standing ○ Nova Scotia Health Authority- Addiction Services ○ CTRS ○ CHATS- Recreation Programmer ● Katlyn Alcorn ○ Brock University- Bachelor of Recreation and Leisure Studies- Therapeutic Recreation (Honours) with First Class Standing ○ Nova Scotia Health Authority- Inpatient Mental Health ○ CTRS ● Kaitlin Lindsay ○ Brock University- Bachelor of Recreation and Leisure Studies- Therapeutic Recreation (Honours) with First Class Standing ○ Niagara Health System- Inpatient Mental Health and Addictions ○ Recreation Therapist- Niagara Health System Inpatient and Outpatient Mental Health and Addictions This research has been accepted by the American Journal of Recreation Therapy and is currently in print
What is stress? ● Stress is the body’s way of responding to some sort of threat or demand ○ Why is stress a concern? ● Can lead to anxiety and depression (Schrade, Tronsky & Kaiser, 2011) ○ Leaves you more vulnerable to mental health problems and emotional problems ○ Increases blood pressure, risk for colds/infections, headaches ○ Can lead to harmful activities ○ Why TR professionals should be looking at ways to combat stress ● Common stressors of university students ● Exams, assignments, leaving social support systems, forming new relationships, financial obligations (Aaron et al., 2015; ○ Ksiazek et al., 2015; Sandmire et al., 2o12; Kaya et al., 2015) What is colouring? ● ○ A meditative form of art therapy as it allows the individual to clear their mind, it provides deep relaxation and increased awareness (Carsley et al., 2015)
The purpose of this quasi-experimental study is to compare pre- and post-intervention stress assessments in the experimental and control groups to determine the effect of colouring on self-reported stress levels in undergraduate students, aged 18-21, at Brock University who are living away from home. H 1 : Colouring groups will report lower stress levels post intervention than the control group. H 2 : The mandala colouring group will report the largest difference in pre and post- intervention scores. H 3 : The control group will report higher stress at the end of the study when compared to their initial scores
● Stress presents itself in a variety of forms and is considered one of the most common problems of the 21st century (Ksiazek et al., 2015) ● How does stress occur? ○ Disruption between the individual and environment ● Mandala and other colouring patterns ○ Mindful creation allows individual to be fully emerged in the activity ● Why do we need to decrease stress? ○ Decreased immune function ● Benefits of colouring ○ Allows individuals a chance to escape from daily pressures and recharge ● How are Therapeutic Recreation professionals currently using colouring as an intervention? ○ Colouring is being used to assist with budgets in hospital settings as it helps improve mental health
Quasi-experimental designs are used in place of true experiments when it is ideal for researchers to ● control some aspects of the experiment, for example participant assignment (Gay & Airasian, 2003) Tool used: ● State Trait Anxiety inventory (STAI) ○ State: current anxiety ○ Trait: overall states of calmness, confidence, and security ○ Data collection procedures ● Baseline STAI test, stress induction, pre- STAI test, 20 minutes of assigned treatment, post- STAI ○ test, debrief and resources Stress induction procedures ● Discussion format ○ Researchers asked participants questions regarding common stressors for University students ●
Image coloured by 20 research participants
19 research participants
Image coloured by 20 research participants
All data was entered into the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and was password ● protected Raw data was securely kept until the completion of the study in case of any technology failures ● Tests completed: ● Descriptive Data Analysis: ○ Determine the mean of each group ■ Standard deviation: ○ Determining how far the data points fall from the mean ■ Inferential statistics: ○ ANOVA ■ Used to make multiple comparisons ● Determine the degree of difference or similarity between two or more groups ● (Taylor, 2015)
● To determine the reliability of the STAI used for the study a Cronbach’s Alpha Test was completed. The result was a score of 0.948 Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha Based on Cronbach's Standardized Alpha Items N of Items .936 .948 39
Descriptives The descriptives table ● N Mean Std. Deviation Baseline STAI Sea Turtle 20 77.35 21.109 scores for each test and Mandala 20 72.85 11.878 the standard deviation Control 19 79.63 20.774 Total 59 76.56 18.281 which indicates how close Pre-Test STAI Sea Turtle 20 88.10 23.657 Mandala 20 80.45 18.766 to the mean the data Control 19 85.79 24.975 points lie Total 59 84.76 22.425 Post-Test STAI Sea Turtle 20 69.85 18.097 Mandala 20 63.35 13.838 Control 19 83.89 26.013 Total 59 72.17 21.301
Colouring groups will report lower stress levels post-intervention than the control group
Descriptives N Mean Std. Deviation Baseline STAI Sea Turtle 20 77.35 21.109 Mandala 20 72.85 11.878 Control 19 79.63 20.774 Total 59 76.56 18.281 Pre-Test STAI Sea Turtle 20 88.10 23.657 Mandala 20 80.45 18.766 Control 19 85.79 24.975 Total 59 84.76 22.425 Post-Test STAI Sea Turtle 20 69.85 18.097 Mandala 20 63.35 13.838 Control 19 83.89 26.013 Total 59 72.17 21.301 ● The descriptives table displays that the mean scores for both the Mandala and the Sea Turtle colouring group are lower than the control group in the post-test STAI. ● The graph demonstrates the drop in post-test scores represented by the green line for the mandala group and the purple line for the sea turtle group.
The mandala colouring group will report the largest drop in pre and post- intervention scores
● As demonstrated by the multiple comparisons table when the mandala group was compared to the other two groups the significance was below 0.05 providing statistical significance that there was a difference between the mandala pattern and other groups ● The post hoc tukey test further supported these findings. This test shows where the significant difference lines. In column 1 is the mandala group and in column 2 is the sea turtle and control group.
The control group will report higher stress at the end of the study when compared to their initial scores
Descriptives N Mean Std. Deviation Baseline STAI Sea Turtle 20 77.35 21.109 Mandala 20 72.85 11.878 Control 19 79.63 20.774 Total 59 76.56 18.281 Pre-Test STAI Sea Turtle 20 88.10 23.657 Mandala 20 80.45 18.766 Control 19 85.79 24.975 Total 59 84.76 22.425 Post-Test STAI Sea Turtle 20 69.85 18.097 Mandala 20 63.35 13.838 Control 19 83.89 26.013 Total 59 72.17 21.301 ● As demonstrated by the yellow line on the graph the post test scores for the control group are higher than their baseline scores ● The descriptives table shows the mean baseline scores for the control group are 79.63 and increased to 83.89 for their port-test score.
- Gender became a factor that lead researchers to look into the differences between males and females - Male participants entered the study with less stress and did not experience the same amount of increase in stress following the stress induction - However following the intervention both genders did have a reduction in stress, although females experienced a greater amount of stress reduction
Question: Think to yourself... When planning or running different programs/groups, what are some examples of the benefits you try to achieve for your clients/patients?
Now out of the benefits you thought of, do any appear on the list below? · Relieve stress · Bring out inner child creativity · Explore feelings · Strengthen concentration · Express emotions · Quiet the mind · Increase self esteem · Reduce feelings of hopelessness · Outlet for self expression · Decrease agitation · Improve mood · Provide comfort · Promote mindfulness · Bring us back to a simpler time · Provide a sense of accomplishment · Improve coordination · Exercise the brain · Increase confidence · Distraction · Provide meditation · Enhance brain activity · Provide relaxation · Encourage positive thinking These are all different benefits colouring can provide!
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