Distracted Driving from Technology Meeting number 7 April 6 th , 2015
Today’s Agenda Distraction from Technology While Driving • Distraction from Hands-Free Systems • Enforcing Distracted Driving Laws • Q & A 2 www.ChildrensSafetyNetwork.org
Meeting Orientation Slide If you are having any technical problems with the webinar, please contact the Adobe Connect hotline at 1-800-416-7640 or type it into the chat box on the left For audio, please call the phone line at 866-835-7973. Please mute your computer speakers to eliminate echo Phone lines will be muted during the presentation and unmuted for the Q&A Have a question? Type it into the chat box on the left or use the “hand raise” function (icon shaped like a person above the audio instructions) and we will call on you 3 www.ChildrensSafetyNetwork.org
Presenters Dr. David Strayer Department of Psychology University of Utah 4 www.ChildrensSafetyNetwork.org
The Science (and Politics) Behind Distracted Driving David Strayer University of Utah
Distracted Driving – The Early Years
Proposed Car Radio Bans • In 1930, legislation was proposed in Massachusetts to ban radios while driving • An Auto Club of New England poll in 1934 found that 56% of respondents deemed the car radio a dangerous distraction
And Then Came the Phone
Today’s Automobile Dashboard
Motor Vehicle Crash Statistics • No. 1 cause of accidental death • Leading cause of death for people 1 to 35 • Over 30,000 people killed in crashes every year in the US Distractions now • More than 2 million injuries from crashes join alcohol and in 2008 in the US speeding as leading factors in fatal and serious injury crashes.
What is Multitasking? • Multitasking is defined as the concurrent performance of two or more functionally independent tasks with each of the tasks having unique goals involving distinct stimuli, mental transformation, and response outputs. • Task 1: • Driving • Task 2: • Reading a book • Reading on Kindle • Talking on a cell phone
A Multitasking Example • Recite letters A-I as fast as you can 1 7 6 5 4 3 2 8 9 • Recite numbers 1-9 as fast as you can 3 2 5 6 7 9 4 8 1 Now recite A, 1, B, 2… as fast as you can • 9 4 1 4 7 5 6 7 8 9 8 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 0 3 2 9 8 7 6 5 3 2 0 • Which is longer?
Task Switching Costs Task 1 Task 2 You actually perform only one task at time You incur switching costs whilst multitasking
Multitasking and Driving “Any man who can drive safely while kissing a pretty girl is simply not giving the kiss the attention it deserves.” -- Albert Einstein FACT: Most simply cannot successfully perform two or more tasks simultaneously without declines in performance
An Example of Cognitive Distraction
Did You See the Juggling Clown?
Developing a Metric of Cognitive Distraction • Problem: Measuring cognitive distraction is notoriously difficult • Objective: Develop robust instrument of cognitive distraction Older technologies (e.g., radio, cell phone, etc.) • • Newer technologies (e.g., speech-based in-vehicle communication) • Standardized rating system • Similar to other rating systems (e.g., Richter, Saffir-Simpson, etc.) where higher ratings are indicative of greater cognitive distraction
The Driver Distraction Triad High Visual Cognitive Moderate Low Eyes off the Road Mind off the Drive Manual Hands off the Wheel
SPIDER and Situation Awareness • Limited Capacity Scanning specific areas for Attention indications of threats • Predicting where threats might materialize if they are not visible I S P D ER • Identifying threats and objects in the scenario when they occur • Deciding whether an action is necessary and what action is Situation necessary Awareness • Executing appropriate Responses Relative Risk of a Crash From Strayer (2015) Attention and Driving
The Three Experiments
Measuring Cognitive Distraction: Phase I • Phase I Study Objectives: • Develop robust cognitive distraction scale for 1) Single-task (undistracted driving – Category 1) 2) Radio 3) Audio book 4) Passenger conversation 5) Hand-held cell phone conversation 6) Hands-free cell phone conversation 7) Speech-to-text email/text (perfect fidelity) 8) OSPAN (high workload memory/math task – Category 5)
Measures of Cognitive Distraction Secondary Subjective Primary Physiological Workload
Cognitive Distraction Scale: Phase I 6 5 Workload Rating 4 3 2 1 0 Single Radio Passenger Hand-held Audio Book Hands-free Speech-to-Text OSPAN
Fini
Presenters Annie Kirk Target Zero Task Force Manager King County 27 www.ChildrensSafetyNetwork.org
UW MEDICINE │ INJURY CONTROL DISTRACTED DRIVING ENFORCEMENT: HOLDING BACK THE TIDE Annie Kirk, MPH Public Health - Seattle & King County Beth Ebel, MD, MSc, MPH Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center University of Washington/Seattle Children’s Hospital April 6, 2015
RESEARCH QUESTIONS Goal: Identify strategies for improving implementation and enforcement of distracted driving legislation Aims: 1. Identify behavioral factors for effective enforcement of distracted driving legislation 2. Develop measurement framework for distracted driving behaviors in target counties; incorporate these data into public health law database 3. Implement and evaluate randomized controlled trial to improve enforcement and reduce distracted driving
STUDY DESIGN 1. Identify behavioral factors for enforcement of distracted driving laws • Conducted focus groups with county law enforcement officers and key stakeholders across 3 counties
OFFICER FOCUS GROUPS • Emphasize parallels between distracted and impaired driving • Drivers already know laws and risks • Various levels of [After pulling over a driver, enforcement within & he waved to let me know]…. between agencies “I know you’re back there, but I’ve got to • Opportunities to update state finish this phone conversation.” - officer laws 31
MEASUREMENT FRAMEWORK Observed distracted driving 3 intervention counties 3 control counties (RCT) Court Citation Records Police crash records 3 intervention counties Washington State 3 control counties (Text, Talk, Inattention)
DISTRACTED DRIVING CITATIONS AND OBSERVED BEHAVIOR, 6 COUNTIES County Citations Observed for Distracted Driving Distracted Driving 2010-2012 2013 (per 1000 licensed drivers) (% of drivers at controlled intersections) Cell phone Texting citations citations Snohomish 18.0 0.76 4.3 King County 8.3 0.42 9.0 Yakima 8.0 0.20 8.6 Spokane 7.7 0.29 14.5 Whatcom 7.5 0.33 12.5 Pierce 6.2 0.61 5.4
DISTRACTED DRIVING STUDY Design: • 7900 drivers observed at controlled intersections in 6 large counties Results: • Nearly 1 in 10 drivers (9.2%) were using cell phones or texting behind the wheel
TEXTING AND TALKING AMONG DRIVERS USING A PORTABLE WIRELESS DEVICE
RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL Observations Observations 2013 2014 Intervention Counties King Whatcom Report cards on observations Yakima Enforcement outreach Media intervention Boards of Health Randomization Observations Observations 2013 2014 Control Counties Snohomish Pierce Spokane
INTERVENTION STRATEGY • Strengthen county surveillance • Improve county enforcement • Prosecutorial outreach • Educate Washington Drivers
OBSERVED DISTRACTED DRIVING (PHONE TO EAR, TEXTING) 10% 9% 8% 7.51% 7.06% 7% 7.16% 6% 4.88% 5% Control counties 4% Intervention Counties 3% 2% 1% 0% Jan-13 Jan-14
OBSERVED DISTRACTED DRIVING (PHONE TO EAR, TEXTING) 10% 9% change in distraction, intervention vs. control counties: 8% 7.51% 7.06% (p=0.04) 7% 7.16% 6% 4.88% 5% Control counties 4% Intervention Counties 3% 2% 1% 0% Jan-13 Jan-14
DATA INFORMING POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS SB 5656 considered in 2015 • Ban all handheld use • Clarify definition of driving • Address all forms of electronic data • Increased penalties for repeat offenders • Include distracted driving in driver’s test
DISTRACTED DRIVING AND PUBLIC HEALTH 1. Strengthen public health efforts to support effective enforcement of distracted driving laws 2. Sustainability: ongoing measurement and distribution of distracted driving data 3. Adopt policies and consequences to limit distracted driving in the performance of county work 4. Led to proposals to update Washington’s cell phone distracted driving laws 41
UW MEDICINE │ INJURY CONTROL QUESTIONS?
Upcoming Webinars & Reminders • May : Team Updates & Discussions • June : Training, Education &Teen Brain Development • July: Drowsy Driving 43 www.ChildrensSafetyNetwork.org
Thank you for your participation Please take a moment to complete our short evaluation: https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/YMD6XCM Questions or Comments? Contact: Rhunt@edc.org 617-618-2178 44 www.ChildrensSafetyNetwork.org
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