Physiologically equivalent temperature analysis for the effects of different landscape patterns on thermal comfort in urban areas Sevgi YILMAZ ¹ M. Akif IRMAK ¹ ¹ Ataturk Univ., Architecture and Design, Dept. of Landscape Architecture, 25240, Erzurum/ Turkey ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment
My Co-Worker Sevgi YILMAZ Prof. Dr. Ataturk Univ., Architecture and Design, Dept. of Landscape Architecture, 25240, Erzurum/ Turkey sevgiy@atauni.edu.tr; syilmaz_68@hotmail.com Tel No:+90 4422312161 Mehmet Akif IRMAK Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ataturk Univ., Architecture and Design, Dept. of Landscape Architecture, 25240, Erzurum/ Turkey mairmak@atauni.edu.tr / Tel No:+90 442 231 6135 ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment
Thermal comfort is the climatic conditions in which humans adapt themselves to their environment by spending minimum energy, and feel the most comfortable, healthy and dynamic. The Physiologically equivalent temperature(PET) value can be higher than the air temperature on hot summer days while it can be lower on a windy winter day. (Alwetaishi, 2016) ICUC 110th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment
Since thermal comfort affects human life, planning comfortable areas is necessary to meet the demand of people in open areas. The ambient temperature accepted as comfortable in terms of climate conditions was stated as 18,1- 23,0 ° C . However, later studies showed that the comfort range can change in accordance with geography and seasons. ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment
In Erzurum This can be Province, considered as a approximately 600- necessity for hectar urban sustainable and transformation area ecological was planned. By urbanization. It is using the results of known that this study while different landscape planning, the patterns have an thermal effect on thermal comfortable area comfort. designs will be put into practice. ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment
In this study, the effects of five different landscape patterns on PET were determined. When the data obtained from the study is used while making decisions about the healthy urbanization , transformation areas or new settlements, it will properly direct the design. ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment
MATERIAL 49,86% 50,13% ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment
ERZURUM The material of the study The number of average includes five different snow-covered days is landscape patterns 113.6 and the severe chosen in Erzurum frost situations affect life Province, which is located negatively in the city. at an altitude of 1850 in the east of Turkey. In winter, the temperature According to the long- may decrease to -37 ° C term annual average while dryness and values, the average temperature reaching annual temperature is 36 ° C can be seen in 5,40 ° C and the average summer. annual rainfall is 433 mm in Erzurum.
ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment Five different meteorological stations were located in characterizing 5 different landscape patterns in Erzurum city center. These are: 1 Blocked-woody area (1. Station) 2 Seasonal wetland (2. Station) 3 City center (3. Station) 4 Auto industrial area (4. Station) Rural open area (5. station Governmental 5 Meteorological Station)
For each of the different landscape In this study, to patterns, a Vantage determine the effects Pro 2 Weather of the climate Station was installed parameters on and the data were thermal comfort, recorded hourly. In PET which is these stations, the included in the climate parameters complicated thermal that were obtained for index group and is 8 months including used to identify and May, June, July, measure the energy August, September, between human’s October, November, thermal environment December 2016 were and body was chosen. evaluated. ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment
Calculation of PET is made by using Rayman model for Thermal comfort analysis Environmental factors used to calculate comfort values (Matzarakis et al., 1999) Temperature : Tmrt = Ta= ° C Wind Speed: v = 0,1 m/s, Relative humidity: RH=% Radiation: W/m² : Cloudiness:N= Oktas
RayMan Pro 2.1 Data entry page of the program
Thermal stress categories of PET index (Matzarakis et al. 1999) PET ( ° C) İnsan hissi Termal stres seviyesi < 4 Very cold Excessive cold stress 4.1 – 8.0 Cold Strong cold stress 8.1 – 13.0 Cool Moderate cold stress 13.1 – 18.0 Slightly cool Slight cold stress 18.1 – 23.0 Comfortable No thermal stress 23.1 – 29.0 Slightly temperate Slight warm stress 29.1 – 35.0 Temperate Moderate warm stress 35.1 – 41.0 Warm Strong warm stress > 41.0 Very warm Excessive warm stress
Research Stations-1 Blocked-Woody Area (Station 1); the area shown in Figure has a green field consisting mostly of scotch pines, which is considered as “the lungs of the city” . ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment
Research Stations-2 Seasonal Wetland (Station 2); it was situated in a seasonal wetland. Since its ground water level is high snow water, especially melt in March, April and May has the characteristics of a seasonal wetland. After May, with the weather warming up, water is drawn down and the area dries up. ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment
Research Stations-3 City Centre (Station 3); It was situated in the school yard which is surrounded by houses and commercial buildings in the city center. This area symbolizes exactly the city center. ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment
Research Stations-4 Auto Industrial Area (Station 4); situated in the auto industrial area, it has air pollution problem, especially in winter. ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment
Research Stations-5 Rural Open Area (Station 5- Governmental Meteorological Station); it is a governmental meteorological station. It is a rural and complete open area. ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment
RESULTS The spatial distribution of PET results according to months; The spatial distribution maps of the PET graphs of the stations, which were prepared with the use of geographic information systems (GIS 10.1) programme according to the months May to December 2016, are shown in the following slide. ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment
ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment
RESULTS The analysis of meteorological data of the stations The air temperature, humidity and wind values in the station areas were monthly analysed. The monthly air temperature analysis Mean Te mp. ( ° C) STATIONS/ Months May June July August Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Blocked -Woody Area 10,7 14,8 18,8 20,2 12,1 7,9 -1,4 -9,3 9,2 Seasonal Wetland 11,3 15,5 19,7 21,9 13,2 8,7 -0,7 -9,7 10,0 City Center 11,8 16,1 20,4 23,0 14,3 10,0 1,2 -7,0 11,2 Auto Industrial Area 12,0 16,2 20,5 22,9 13,9 9,6 0,5 -8,0 11,0 Rural Open Area 10,5 14,8 19,0 20,9 12,4 7,7 -1,9 -11,4 9,0 Mean Temp. ( ° C) 11,3 15,5 19,7 21,8 13,2 8,8 -0,5 -9,2 10,1 25 20 Air Temperature ( º C) Blocked -Woody Area 15 10 Seasonal Wetland 5 City Center 0 Auto Industrial Area -5 Rural Open Area -10 -15 Months ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment
RESULTS The monthly graph of air humidity Mean STATIONS/ Months May June July August Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Humidity (%) Blocked -Woody Area 71 83 77 45 66 67 86 79 72 Seasonal Wetland 54 67 59 47 61 67 74 83 64 City Center 60 59 51 40 52 57 62 80 58 Auto Industrial Area 63 61 53 41 55 61 68 81 60 Rural Open Area 66 64 53 44 57 64 73 81 63 Mean Humidity (%) 63,5 66,7 58,2 44 58,5 63,3 72,3 81 63,5 100 Mean Humidity (%) 80 60 Blocked -Woody Area 40 Seasonal Wetland 20 City Center 0 Auto Industrial Area Rural Open Area Months ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment
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