Environmental Management 461/ 561 t 461/ 561 Air Quality Group G li t l M Ai Q i E
Air Quality Group Team • Katrin – Managing Auto Emissions and Fuel • Katrin – Managing Auto Emissions and Fuel Efficiency • David – Policies and Legislation for the Policies and Legislation for the • David Management of GHGs • Starla - The Effect of the Oil Industry on Air Th Eff t f th Oil I d t Ai St l Quality in Texas • Desbah – Desert Rock Energy Project Desert Rock Energy Project Desbah 2
3 • http:/ / envmgmtunm.pbworks.com/ Air-Quality- • http:/ / envmgmtunm pbworks com/ Air-Quality- Com m on Them es Group
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Managing autom obile em issions Managing autom obile em issions and fuel efficiency in the US http:// www.abendblatt.de/multimedia/archive/00005/167623v1_jpg_ 5377c.jpg
The United States has the highest rate of carbon em issions in the world, with close to 1,60 0 m illion m etric tons of carbon released annually (or about 25 percent of the world’s total). Our country’s total output is double that of the next largest polluter, China.
Controlling CO 2 emissions from personal vehicles is key to addressing global warming addressing global warming
What is the science behind greenhouse gas em issions? g g • • Carbon dioxide is the dom inant Carbon dioxide is the dom inant greenhouse gas that causes global warm ing. Burning fossil fuels – coal, oil warm ing. Burning fossil fuels coal, oil and natural gas – is the m ain source of hum an-produced CO 2 em issions. • The CO 2 emitted by a motor vehicle is the product of the amount of driving, how much fuel the vehicle burns, and how much CO 2 is associated with the particular fuel.
How m uch do autom obiles contribute to global warm ing? contribute to global warm ing? • Automobiles are America's biggest reason for oil Automobiles are America s biggest reason for oil dependence, and therefore represent the single biggest piece of our global warming problem. A gallon of gasoline weighs 6 pounds but when ll f li i h d b h burned and combined with oxygen in the air, the resulting com pound weighs nearly 20 resulting com pound weighs nearly 20 pounds. Chrysler’s Jeep Grand Cherokee, which weighs just under two tons, em its over three tim es its body weight in CO 2 per year.
• Technology implemented in the late 1970s and early '80s was able to dramatically improve fuel early 80s was able to dramatically improve fuel economy over 1970 figures. By 1986, im proved vehicle efficiency was yielding savings of 1.7 e c e e c e cy as y e d g sa gs o 7 m illion barrels per day (the equivalent of Iraq's total oil production that year). That fuel savings translates to avoiding 63 m illion tons of carbon in the air.
• SUV fuel efficiency has rem ained virtually • SUV fuel efficiency has rem ained virtually unchanged over the last decade; the typical SUV has a rated fuel econom y of 20 m .p.g. SUV has a rated fuel econom y of 20 m .p.g. (29 percent lower than that of the average car), and a consequent CO 2 em issions rate of 6.2 m etric tons per year (40 percent higher than passenger cars).
What is “carbon burden”? • A carbon burden is the amount of CO 2 emitted from a A carbon burden is the amount of CO emitted from a group of motor vehicles, computed from a statistically predictable rate of fuel use once a vehicle leaves the showroom and is put on the road Fuel consum ption showroom and is put on the road. Fuel consum ption, fuel efficiency, and vehicle m iles traveled all affect the collective carbon burden. • The total carbon burden of vehicles in the United States for the year 2000 was 30 2 m illion m etric tons y 3 (MMTc). That's m ore carbon than is em itted by all of India, for exam ple, and m ore than three tim es as m uch as Brazil. as m uch as Brazil.
How do autom akers fare when it com es to carbon burden? com es to carbon burden? • The carbon burdens of all m ajor autom akers The carbon burdens of all m ajor autom akers have been worsening, partly because of a shift toward SUVs, but m ainly because of the failure to im prove fuel econom y of all types of to im prove fuel econom y of all types of vehicles. • At 6.7 MMTc, General Motors’ model year 2000 sales At 6.7 MMTc, General Motors model year 2000 sales accounted for the largest portion (30 %) of the total new fleet carbon burden that year. Over the past decade GM’s sales of SUVs increased the past decade, GM’s sales of SUVs increased fourfold and the com pany’s average fuel econom y dropped by 2%.
• F Ford has pledged to increase the fuel economy of its SUV fleet 25% by 2005, in itself a d h l d d i h f l f i SUV fl % b i i lf notable development, but its effectiveness could be undercut if the company continues its shift toward light truck sales. • DaimlerChrysler has the highest per vehicle carbon em issions am ong autom akers. DaimlerChrysler has the highest per vehicle carbon em issions am ong autom akers. The Dodge Durango’s CO 2 em issions are 45% higher than the overall light vehicle average. • Toyota’s carbon burden grew 72% over 1990 -20 0 0 , faster than that of any other firm , due to its rapid growth in m arket share and an increase in light truck fi d t it id th i k t h d i i li ht t k sales. • Nissan’s rising truck dependence pushed its carbon burden up in spite of sagging m arket share. sagging m arket share. • Light trucks account for only 16% of Honda’s sales, so their new fleet carbon burden increased 20 % over the decade, com pared to 30 % for the m arket as a whole.
Looking forward – what can be done to reduce auto em issions of greenhouse gases? g g • The most important step is making the political p p g p commitment to put a cap on oil dem and and global warm ing pollution, using im proved technology to cut fossil fuel use without tec o ogy to cut oss ue use t out shifting the size or perform ance of the vehicles we drive. • California’s landm ark law to regulate • California s landm ark law to regulate greenhouse gases from cars and light trucks is a crucial start. Extending this approach to other states and the nation would be the single other states and the nation would be the single biggest advance Am ericans can take to stop global warm ing.
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Ai Q Air Quality Group li G P li i Policies and Legislation for the d L i l ti f th Management of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) (GHGs)
18 l • An Example of a Current Proposal • Overview of the GHG problem t P l f C • Greenhouse Gases • Greenhouse Gases Definitions – Definitions Direction • History A E
The Culprits (Greenhouse Gases) (Greenhouse Gases) • Naturally occurring greenhouse gases include • Naturally occurring greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. oxide, and ozone. • Anthropogenic gases: – Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide – Methane – Nitrous Oxide – Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) – Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) – Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) 19
What is the Greenhouse Effect? Effect? • Solar radiation powers the climate system • Solar radiation powers the climate system. • Some of the absorbed energy is radiated back into the atmosphere the atmosphere. • This radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere and reradiated back to earth reradiated back to earth. • Although there is a bad reputation for the Greenhouse effect our survival depends on it Greenhouse effect our survival depends on it. 20
21 Clim ate System
22 Greenhouse Effect
23 Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Effect Equilibrium Equilibrium
24 Non Equilibrium Non-Equilibrium Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Effect Equilibrium Equilibrium
25 Com ponents of the Clim ate System
26 Com ponents of the Clim ate System
Overview of the GHG Problem � Greenhouse Effect � Greenhouse Effect • Previous Policies and Initiatives • Qualities of a Good Policy Qualities of a Good Polic • An Example of a Current Proposal 27
28 PREVIOUS INITIATIVES
Previous Initiatives • Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles • Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) (1993) • Clinton administration British thermal unit (BTU) • Clinton administration British thermal unit (BTU) (1993) • Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFÉ) (1975) • Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFÉ) (1975) 29
Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles Generation of Vehicles • Encouraged collaboration between government • Encouraged collaboration between government and industry in the development of fuel-efficient vehicles. vehicles. • Aim was to fund R&D to produce a fleet of highly efficient cars by the year 2004. by y 004 30
31 Concept Cars
PNGV Mixed Results • Failure to meet its most ambitious target: the • Failure to meet its most ambitious target: the development of vehicles with 70 mpg fuel efficiency. efficiency. • Concept cars did emerge but there were no marketable prototypes. b p o o yp • PNGV also failed because it did not take EPA emission standards into account. 32
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