INTERNATIONAL SPILL ACCREDITATION SCHEME Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 and 26 September 2019 The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up Jack O ’ Sullivan Environmental Management Services Ballymanus Castlepollard County Westmeath 1
The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up Before any oil spillage reaches the shoreline … International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 2 2
The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up Before any oil spillage reaches the shoreline … we must look at the behaviour of oil at sea … International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 3 3
The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up Behaviour of oil at sea … . International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 4 4
The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up The behaviour of oil at sea … . 1. Spreading – a rapid process 2. Evaporation – loss of lighter fractions, depends on temperature and type of oil 3. Dispersion of oil droplets in water as a result of wave action (energy) 4. Formation of water-in-oil emulsion (mousse) 5. Dissolution – soluble constituents dissolve in water But the oil still exists in the environment ! International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 5 5
The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up Behaviour of oil at sea … . slower processes 6. Oxidation (mainly by uv light) 7. Sedimentation, sinking 8. Biodegradation The oil is slowly being removed from the environment … International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 6 6
The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up Behaviour of oil at sea … . International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 7 7 account for 10 –
The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up Behaviour of oil at sea … . 3% wind marina time A time B 100% current International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 8 8
The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up And when the oil approaches the coast: International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 9 9
The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up Factors affecting the impact of oil on the shoreline: Every oil spill has a different impact on the shoreline, on wildlife and the surrounding environment depending on: • the type and quantity of oil spilled, • the location of the spill, • the proximity of vulnerable areas and resources • the species of wildlife in the area at the time when the spill is taking place, • the timing of breeding cycles and seasonal migrations, • and the weather at sea during and after the oil spill. International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 10 10
The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up The type and quantity of oil spilled: • Light Volatile Oils Petroleum spirit, aviation fuels, gasoline, kerosene, paraffin, automotive diesel • Moderately Heavy Oils Most crude oils, and intermediate products such as marine diesel, gas oil, light fuel oil, light lubricating oil • Heavy Oils Very waxy crudes, medium to heavy asphaltic crude oils, water-in- oil emulsion, heavy lubricating oil • Residual Oils Bunker oil, heavy fuel oil, weathered crude in the form of tarry lumps, asphalt. International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 11 11
The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up Persistent Non persistent – many crude oils – kerosene – heavy products – diesel oil including fuel oil – petrol – lubricating oils International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 12 12
The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up Impacts caused by: • Toxic effects • Physical effects International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 13 13
The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up • Sensitive • Tourism and environments leisure activities (e.g., marshes, • Fishing and mud flats) aquaculture • Birds and marine • Industry and water mammals intakes International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 14 14
The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up Sensitive Environments International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 15 15
The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up Birds and marine mammals International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training 16 Course, 25 & 26 September 2019
Tourism and Leisure Activities Inch Beach, Co Kerry International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training 17 Course, 25 & 26 September 2019
Fishing and aquaculture International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill 18 Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019
Industry and water intakes International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill 19 Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019
The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up Braer – Shetland Islands, 1993 • 84 000 tonnes of light crude oil • High level of natural dispersion • Relatively little clean-up/response required • Major impact on fisheries and aquaculture 20 International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019
Braer, Shetland 21
Erika – France, 1999 • 15 000 tonnes very persistent heavy fuel oil • Oil stranded over a long distance • Difficult to observe from the air • Highly viscous emulsion • Problems: clean-up, access, disposal • Impacts: fisheries, aquaculture, amenities International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill 22 Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019
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Prestige – Spain, 2002 • Cargo of 77,000 tonnes of heavy fuel oil; unknown quantities released • 800 km of Spanish beaches affected plus impact on French coasts • Significant oiling of coasts and waste disposal problems • Large impact on fishing • Lesser impacts on aquaculture and tourism industries International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 24
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The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up mv Riverdance , on the coast at Blackpool, 2008. International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill 27 Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019
The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up Key Messages • Vast majority of spills are small (<7 t) • Catastrophic tanker spills are rare • Properties of spilt oil change over time: this affects response options • Oil spills can have a major impact on: – Sensitive environments – Tourism and leisure activities – Industry, fishing and aquaculture International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill 28 Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019
The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up Shoreline types A. Sea walls and piers B. Wave exposed rocky and boulder shores C. Exposed cobble shore D. Fine-grained sand beaches E. Coarse-grained sand beaches F. Sheltered mixed shingle shores G. Sheltered rocky and boulder shores H. Mud flats I. Saltmarshes International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill 29 Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019
The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up IMPACT OF OIL SPILLS ON MARINE FLORA AND FAUNA In shallow waters, oil may sink from the surface to the seabed, especially in bad weather Kelp beds and some marine species (fish and mammals) can come into contact with toxic compounds (such as those in light crude and light refined products). Benthic species can also be damaged by sedimentation of hydrocarbon-coated particles. Oil may remain in the sediment for several years, leading to sub- lethal effects, and even to the temporary disappearance of some sea-bed species. International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 30
The Environmental Impacts of a Shoreline Oil Spill and Its Clean-up IMPACT OF OIL SPILLS ON MARINE COASTAL FLORA AND FAUNA International Spill Accreditation Scheme, Castle Archdale Spill Response Training Course, 25 & 26 September 2019 31
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