A Home is a Human right reclaimed supportive housing solutions in baltimore, md Shelby Fredrickson, M.S Candidate Capstone Presentation May 4, 2020 SES 660A Spring 2020 Advisors: Ira Stern & Leonel Ponce
Agenda 1 Guiding Reseaarch Questions 2 Introduce Baltimore, MD 3 Typologies of Homelessness 4 Homelessness in Baltimore 5 Intersection of Homelessness & Climate Change 6 Solutions to Homelessness: Housing-First 7 Reclaimed Supportive Housing in Baltimore, MD 8 The Impact of COVID-19 9 A Vision for the Future
research questions How can Baltimore, in the face of rising pressure on the homeless population as a result of climate change, utilize its existing vacant housing stock to most efgectively alleviate chronic homelessness? • How will existing and future factors of climate change impact the chronically homeless population in Baltimore? • What is the most efgective long-term housing strategy for chronically homeless individuals with substance abuse and/or mental health disorders? • How can afgordable housing developers in Baltimore utilize environmental psychology to inform design strategies that maximize housing retention and treatment success? • How is the current COVID-19 pandemic impacting the homeless population in the U.S. and what are the implications of this crisis for future housing solutions?
client audience Afgordable real-estate developer in Baltimore focusing on retrofjtting existing buildings for non-profjt space, residences for educators, restaurant incubator space, and more. National non-profjt organization with outreach in many major cities, providing healthcare, support services, and advoacy for individuals experiencing homelessness. Baltimore’s Continuum of Care collaborative body, including organizations that serve homeless persons, homeless and formerly homeless persons themselves.
baltimore, md • Population: 602,495 • Demographics: Black: 62.46% White: 30.45% Hispanic 5.5% • Education: 16.3% attainment, Bachelors • Median Household Income: $48,840 U.S. MHI 2019: $63,030 • Poverty Rate: Black: 26.07% White: 12.16% Hispanic: 22.51% Source: http://cityview.baltimorecity.gov/CityView/, census.gov
baltimore: building stock Vacant Buildings as of March 2020 Median Household Income • Declining population • Availability of residential units • Median rent: $1,051 • As of March 2020, there are 16,784 vacant buildings in Baltimore. • 47.2% of housing units were built prior to 1940, making Baltimore’s building stock among the oldest in the country. • Rate of vacancy correlates with relative poverty. Source: technical.ly, The Baltimore Sun, census.gov/quickfacts/
typologies of homelessness Transitional Typically younger individuals; generally enter shelters or “couch-surf” for a brief stay. Sometimes following a traumatic event or life change. Individuals who are currently homeless and have experienced at least 3 Episodic periods of homelessness in the previous year, often disabled. Chronic Unaccompanied homeless individual with a disabling condition; continuously homeless for a year or more, or has had a minimum of 4 episodes of homelessness in the previous 3 years. Source: https://nationalhomeless.org/about-homelessness/
typologies of homelessness Transitional Typically younger individuals; generally enter shelters or “couch-surf” for a brief stay. Sometimes following a traumatic event or life change. Individuals who are currently homeless and have experienced at least 3 Episodic periods of homelessness in the previous year, often disabled. Chronic Unaccompanied homeless individual with a disabling condition; continuously homeless for a year or more, or has had a minimum of 4 episodes of homelessness in the previous 3 years. Source: https://nationalhomeless.org/about-homelessness/
homelessness: the “system” RISK FACTORS INDIVIDUAL SOCIETAL Mental Illness Domestic Violence Underfunded Public Housing Health Status Disability Redlining Cost of Healthcare Education Deinstitutionalization Low Wages Foster Care Loss of Family Veteran Status Credit History Discrimination Stigmatization Criminal History Incarceration Racialized Policing Unemployment LGBTQIA+ Job Loss Addiction Poverty Disinvestment Diagram modifjed & adapted from The Ecology of Homelessness: David A. Patterson
homelessness: the “system” OUTCOMES INDIVIDUAL SOCIETAL Substance Abuse Sexual Abuse Municipal Costs Availability of Drugs Exposure Job Loss Violence Public Health Crisis Vacant Homes Chronic Stress Personal Neglect Increased Police Activity ER Backlogs Communicable Disease Strain on Public Institutions Death Crime Victim of Crime Criminal Activity Street Violence Panhandling Public Encampments Isolation Mental Illness Truancy Diagram modifjed & adapted from The Ecology of Homelessness: David A. Patterson
designing solutions Lack of Sustainable solutions to chronic Afgordable 1. homelessness must be designed to: Can’t Afgord Housing Housing Employed Working & in 2. Economic Poverty Be available not only to individuals 1 Recession experiencing chronic homelessness, but the 3. Unemployed Able to work, but broader universe of those at risk of or unemployed or experiencing housing instability. not paid a living Cannot Afgord Lack of 4. Healthcare wage. Access to Provide employment opportunities with a viable 2 Health Chronically 5. Ill and/or Unable to work, living wage. Services Disabled or unable to work without Criminal History Structural Provide healthcare that is not contingent on 6. 3 support. Preventing Stigma, maintaining employment. Employment Racism, & Unemployed, Displacement 7. Oppression Uninsured, as a Product of Expand on a foundation of environmental justice 4 Redlining Unhoused, and harm reduction as guiding frameworks. or Vulnerable to 8. Stigma of Chronic Housing Status Homelessness. Diagram modifjed & adapted from Understanding Homelessness
homelessness in baltimore 2017 Point in Time Count: 2,669 Individuals Experiencing Homelessness Gender Mental Illness Housing Status 0.1% 72% 44% Substance Abuse Disorder Other Men 20% 29% Severe Mental Disorder 13% Trauma/Domestic Violence Unhoused 4% Women Race 37% Multi-Racial 28% 2% Other 11% Household Type Emergency White Shelter 43% Transitional 83% 93% 7% Housing Black Source: Baltimore Mayor’s Offjce of Homeless Services
homelessness in baltimore: stakeholders Social • Police Departments • HUD Health • Prison System Civil • Mayor’s Offjce of Homeless Services Individuals • Foster Care System • Community members Youth Families chronic • Emergency Rooms homelessness • Rehabilitation Services • Health clinics • Harm Reduction services • Emergency Shelters • Women’s Homes • Transitional Housing • Permanent Supportive Housing • Rapid Re-Housing Programs • Homeless Support NGOs
homelessness & climate change OUTCOMES FOR HOMELESS PATHWAYS OF POPULATION PRESSURES OF IMPACT CLIMATE CHANGE RESPIRATORY ILLNESSES MENTAL ILLNESSES RISING TEMPERATURES CHRONIC ILLNESSES DISEASE TRANSMISSION RAPID HEAT INDUCED URBANIZATION ILLNESSES FATAL EVENT INCREASED STORM EVENTS INCREASED PRESSURE ON FLOODING FROM EXISTING SERVICES SEA LEVEL RISE DESCREASED AIR QUALITY PROLIFIC VECTOR TERRITORIES FEWER CAPITAL FUNDS INCREASED MORTALITY
impact pathway: heat RISING TEMPERATURES Heat Wave Days are projected to increase from 10 to 50 days a year by 2050 in INCREASED Maryland. URBAN HEAT FREQUENCY OF ISLAND EFFECT HEAT WAVES INCREASE IN EXASPERATES DECREASE IN AGGRAVATED CARDIO- VASCULAR ILLNESSES GROUND LEVEL EXISTING CHRONIC AIR QUALITY OZONE (O3) ILLNESSES PREMATURE AGGRAVATED CARDIO- DEHYDRATION HEAT STROKE INCREASED AGGRAVATED CARDIO- AGGRAVATED CAR- AGGRAVATED CARDIO- VASCULAR ILLNESSES MORTALITY FROM MORTALITY FROM VASCULAR ILLNESSES VASCULAR ILLNESSES DIOVASCULAR COMMON ILLNESSES PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESSES ILLNESSES AGGRAVATED CARDIO- AGGRAVATED VASCULAR ILLNESSES PULMONARY RESPIRATORY PNEUMONIA ASTHMA DISEASES ILLNESSES Source: https://statesatrisk.org/maryland/extreme-heat
traditional continuum of care • 27 emergency & transitional shelters Baltimore: • 11 Outreach 7 Day Service Houses • 8 hospitals • Homeless Services Program budget: $48 million to distribute annually. 1. Initial Triage 2. Diversion 3. Intake Assessment Required Treatment Deinstitutionalization Pathways: Employment Medical Income Sobriety Tenant Behavioral Responsibilities Individuals experiencing Emergency Shelter Transitional Housing Permanent chronic homelessness Housing Fail Point Fail Point Where chronically homeless individuals typically are at risk of falling out Fail Point of the system. Diagrams modifjed & adapted from Perry Service Learning Source: https://homeless.baltimorecity.gov/about-1
The existing system of temporary housing and crowded emergency shelters does not have the capacity to accomodate an increasingly displaced and exposed population , or meet the needs of individuals experiencing homelessness that have extensive medical needs or chronic disabilities.
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