5/8/2015 The Islamic Civilization A Study of the Faith / Empire / - PDF document

5/8/2015 The Islamic Civilization A Study of the Faith / Empire / Culture Mecca / Makkah 1 1 Isolated Peninsula Southwestern = Fertile Remainder = Arid Plains / Desert Agriculture along the coastal areas Bedouin Tribes / Nomadic / Sheikh Crossroads of trade – Oasis • Towns emerge • Makkah / Mecca • Kaaba • Polytheistic 2 2 Byzantine Empire Vs. Sassanian (Persian) Empire • Byzantines struggle against the expansion of the Sassanians • Struggle for Jerusalem (Real First Crusade) • Weaken each other militarily • Neither really dominates the area of the Arabian Peninsula 3 3 1

5/8/2015 Mohammed Born 570 – Mecca • Orphaned • Lives with uncle • Become a Merchant • Travels throughout the Middle East • Marries Khadija (15 yrs older) • Influenced by Christianity and Judaism The Flight of Mohammed Hijrah (Hegira) • Start of the Islamic Calendar – 622 A.D. • Medina Compact • Political Capital of Islam 4 4 Expansion of Islam During Mohammed’s Life After Mohammed’s Death Mohammed Enters Mecca – 630 A.D . Kaaba becomes place of worship tied to Abraham Mohammed dies at Medina in 632 A.D. Fought to re-establish power of “Rightly Guided Caliphs” 5 5 The Kaaba Exterior Interior 6 6 2

5/8/2015 Islam = “Submission to the Will of God” Koran / Quran (“Recital”) Written in Arabic Final authority in matters of faith and lifestyle •God’s messages revealed to Mohammed • Old Testament Stories • Specific Rules • Alcohol Shari’ah • Quran / Sayings of Mohammed • Islamic moral principles • Public / Private Life 7 7 8 8 Building the Islamic Empire through military conquest 9 9 3

5/8/2015 The Spread of Islam The Early Islamic Warrior 10 10 Expansion of Islam Caliph = “Successor” Mohammed left no clear line of succession Rightly Guided Caliphs (Rashidun Caliphs) -- 632 A.D. – 661 A.D. • Four immediate successors of Mohammed • All knew, lived, followed Mohammed “jihad” begins Abu Bakr (632 – 634) Father-in-Law, Died Naturally Omar (634 – 644) Appointed by Abu Bakr, Assassinated Othman (644 – 656) Elected by peers, Assassinated Ali (656 – 661) Cousin and son-in-law (Fatima), Assassinated 11 11 Islam Fragments 661 Death of Ali --- Muawiyah (Governor of Syria) Husayn (Ali’s son later killed in battle – 680 A.D.) Establishment of the Umayyad Dynasty (661 – 750 A.D.) • Damascus established as capital city instead of Medina • Greatest Period of Islamic Expansion Divisions in the Islamic Faith Emerge Fatimah – Mohammed’s Descendants Umayyad’s Religious Leaders Political Leaders Shiite Muslims Sunni Muslims 10% in the World 90% in the World Further divided into smaller sects Settle in North Africa (Fatimid's) 12 4

5/8/2015 The Umayyad Dynasty in Power 661 – 750 A.D. Overthrown in 750 Continues Dynasty in • Spread Arabic Language Spain • Minted 1 st Arabic Currency Emirate / Caliphate of Cordoba • Built Roads (756 – 1031) 13 13 The Umayyad Political World 14 14 Expansion into Europe (Spain) 711 – 714 A.D. Defeat the Catholic Visigoths Internal Civil War 15 15 5

5/8/2015 Prince Eudes (Aquitaine) Meets (S.W. Paris) with Charles Martel (732) Old Enemies – Warns about the Advance of the Muslims Notice Absence of Stirrups!) 16 16 Arab / Muslim Expansion into Europe Charles Martel & Eudes Meet 732 A.D. Summer 732 A.D. Arab Raids into France Franks = 20 – 30,000 Troops 714 - 731 Arabs = 15 – 20,000 Troops 17 17 Muslim Raiding Party Advances past Poitiers, France 18 18 6

5/8/2015 Key Turning Point 19 19 Major fight at Muslim Camp 20 20 Death of Abd al-Rahman / End of Muslim Efforts for Expansion into Western Europe 21 21 7

5/8/2015 Muslim Forces Retreat at the Death of their Leader 22 22 22 23 Muslim Focus on Spain Begins Eight Centuries  711 – 1492 Distinct Culture  Combination of Europe / N. Africa / Middle East Cordoba / Cordova  Umayyad Capital  70 Libraries – 500,000 books Granada  Alhambra 24 8

5/8/2015 25 25 Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba “al - Andalus” (Andalusia) 26 26 Exterior of the Cordoba Cathedral European Features Islamic Features 27 9

5/8/2015 Traditional Catholic Church Interior 28 Combination of Islamic Architecture and European Gothic 29 29 Islamic Features Catholic Features 30 10

5/8/2015 31 32 Rise of the Abbasid Dynasty 747 – 750 A.D. • Baghdad becomes capital of the Islamic Empire • Islamic Culture emerges as being distinct and unique • Height of Islamic Culture reached under early Abbasid rulers • Abbasid dynasty rules 750 – 1258 Dissatisfaction with Umayyad's • Discrimination among non-Arabs / Others • Shiite opposition join • Rebel in areas to east – Iraq / Persia Descendant of Mohammed comes to power • Baghdad becomes new Abbasid capital • Tigris River • Trade Routes 33 11

5/8/2015 Height of Islamic Culture Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786 – 809) Baghdad Flourishes Corresponds with Charlemagne • Charlemagne sent illuminated manuscripts & bales of furs • Harun al-Rashid sent fabrics, perfumes and an elephant named Abu- Lababah (“Father of Intelligence” ) Baghdad center of trade routes – Population 34 Abbasids live in luxurious surroundings • Begin to become corrupt over time. Women lose much of their freedoms – veiled, secluded Lose control over North Africa and Spain Rely on Seljuk Turks as Mercenaries – 1055 – Seljuk’s assume control • Abbasid Ruler becomes a figurehead 35 35 Fatimid’s Emerge in North Africa Will control nearly and Egypt all of North Africa Rule 909 – 1171 Internal Divisions / Will Face the Crusades Cairo is capital city Fall to Ayyubid Dynasty / Shiite Islam Rise of Saladin 36 12

5/8/2015 Ayyubid Dynasty Saladin Fight the Crusaders Eventually recapture the areas taken by the Europeans during the Crusades (1099 – 1291) Face a new threat – the Mongols 37 37 “Tomb of the King” Persian Muslims set up cities – Samarkand -- Tamerlane Mongol Advance from the East Baghdad sacked and destroyed in 1258 • Muslim world is shattered Mongols continue advance to the west 38 Mamluks of Egypt Halt Mongols • Horse Archers • Similar Tactics • Only Mongol Defeat • Save Islam for Middle East? 39 39 13

5/8/2015 The Islamic Culture Develops Role of Men and Women in Society (Distinct) Women: Lives revolved around family (1 of 4 Wives) Some other roles available – Scholarship / Arts Men: Politics / Military / Business Responsible for family – treat women fairly Education: Boys (age 7) – Mosque schools (small costs) Madrasas (Theological schools) -- Select become leaders 40 Agriculture: Irrigation / Fruit Orchards Trade: Crossroads Bazaars / Marketplaces / Urban Centers 41 Damascene Jewelry 42 42 14

5/8/2015 43 43 House of Wisdom -- Baghdad Ma’mun – 830 Intellectual Center – Research / Science Translation of earlier literature – Greek / Persian / Indian 44 Cultural - Scholarship Arabic Numerals – India Mathematics: Chemistry & Medicine: al-Razi / Classify Substances Ibn Sina / “ Canon of Medicine” Art and Architecture: Calligraphy / Elegant Handwriting Arabesques / Geometric Designs Literature: Omar Khayyam / “ Rubaiyat ” 45 15

5/8/2015 Cultural - Scholarship Literature: Omar Khayyam / “ Rubaiyat ” 19 th Century Loose English Translation "A Book of Verses underneath the Bough, A Jug of Wine, a Loaf of Bread--and Thou Beside me singing in the Wilderness-- Oh, Wilderness were Paradise enow!" 46 Cultural - Scholarship Arabic Numerals – India Mathematics: Chemistry & Medicine: al-Razi / Classify Substances Ibn Sina / “ Canon of Medicine” Art and Architecture: Calligraphy / Elegant Handwriting Arabesques / Geometric Designs Literature: Omar Khayyam / “ Rubaiyat ” Arabian Nights Tales 47 Cultural - Scholarship Arabic Numerals – India Mathematics: Chemistry & Medicine: al-Razi / Classify Substances Ibn Sina / “ Canon of Medicine” Art and Architecture: Calligraphy / Elegant Handwriting Arabesques / Geometric Designs Literature: Omar Khayyam / “ Rubaiyat ” Arabian Nights Tales Philosophy & History: Averroes (Ibn-Rushd) & Moses Maimonides Correspondence with St. Thomas Aquinas? 48 16

5/8/2015 49 49 50 Examples of Islamic Architecture 51 17