1E8-Lecture 2 Alexis.Donnelly Page 1 of 31 1E8 - Universal Design http://www.cs.tcd.ie/Alexis.Donnelly/1e8/ Alexis Donnelly Department of Computer Science, O'Reilly Institute, office: LG.21 E-mail: Alexis.Donnelly@cs.tcd.ie
1E8-Lecture 2 Alexis.Donnelly Page 2 of 31 Overview A Little More History & Commercial Reality Slide Show Seven Attributes of UD (aka Principles) Critique of Part M Universal Design - the Video
1E8-Lecture 2 Alexis.Donnelly Page 3 of 31 A Little History In the beginning, engineering was chiefly military and characterised by: design for the battlefield Interchangeable parts - design around standards and the average average person = fit young male of arms-bearing age
1E8-Lecture 2 Alexis.Donnelly Page 4 of 31 History: Carried over to "Civilian World" early 1900s: life expectancy 47, "disabled" were in institutions (out of sight, out of mind) or dead. early 2000s: life expectancy 86, people living with disabilities, a more diverse population
1E8-Lecture 2 Alexis.Donnelly Page 5 of 31 History: Now Growing awareness that designed exclusion is wrong Human Rights perspective : legislation professional duty of care positive image in marketplace Commercial perspective : cheaper for society to include everybody significant lucrative market - "grey panthers" - large disposable income who want products with no stigma that all can use cheaper to design inclusively from the beginning than retrofit afterwards => UNIVERSAL DESIGN
1E8-Lecture 2 Alexis.Donnelly Page 6 of 31 Commercial Reality Design-Led Companies Thrive The Design Council (2005) showed that an index of design-aware companies outperformed the FTSE- All-share by over 200% in both rising and falling markets over a 10 year period SOURCE: Design Index: The Impact of Design on Stock Market Performance(2005). See www.design-council.org.uk
1E8-Lecture 2 Alexis.Donnelly Page 7 of 31 Commercial Reality Correcting Late Mistakes Gets Expensive Design Stage Relative Cost of Change Concept 1 Detail design 10 Tooling 100 Testing 1,000 Post-release 10,000 The cost of making changes increases rapidly as release approaches (in the context of consumer products) SOURCE: The Design Council (1994) , Mynott C, Smith J, Benson J, Allen D & Farish M. "Successful Product Development: Management Case Studies". M90s Publications, DTI, Admail 528, London SW1W 8YT, UK
1E8-Lecture 2 Alexis.Donnelly Page 8 of 31 Slide Show The best UD is often subtle and "invisible" SOURCES: Lecturer's own; " Beautiful Universal Design " by Leibrock & Terry; and " Accessible Housing by Design " by Steven Winter Associates.
1E8-Lecture 2 Alexis.Donnelly Page 9 of 31 some shelves, hangers low down all features adjustable - can suit toddler, adult and wheelchair user - adaptability further parts can be purchased to suit most alcoves
1E8-Lecture 2 Alexis.Donnelly Page 10 of 31 roll-in shower suits wheelchair transfer space beside toilet pan clour contrasting grab rails knee room beneath wash basin mirror can be tilted for seated user vertical grabrails beside mirror for those who are unsteady standing
1E8-Lecture 2 Alexis.Donnelly Page 11 of 31 lever handles to faciltate poor grip or hands-busy operation bolt also operated by lever handle coin operation of bolt from outside - rescue in case of fall
1E8-Lecture 2 Alexis.Donnelly Page 12 of 31 paved ramped acess to North American style porch looks original facilitates heavy deliveries, trikes, bikes,skateboards...
1E8-Lecture 2 Alexis.Donnelly Page 13 of 31 most plants can be worked on by a gardener who uses a wheelchair most vertical surfaces are covered by cultivated plants most plants can be worked on with far less back strain than in a conventional garden!
1E8-Lecture 2 Alexis.Donnelly Page 14 of 31 room for wheelchair footrests below washing/drying machine don't have two bend down as far when the loading these machines knee room beneath the table for sorting/ironing clothes note ironing board at reduced height and no legs beneath it note also catch on lower edge of window
1E8-Lecture 2 Alexis.Donnelly Page 15 of 31 roll in shower floor to facilitate wheelchair hinged shower seat may be used if required and folded up when not colour contrasting grab rails
1E8-Lecture 2 Alexis.Donnelly Page 16 of 31 note fountains at different heights to facilitate children, wheelchair users and adults knee space kept clear underneath
1E8-Lecture 2 Alexis.Donnelly Page 17 of 31 Seven Attributes of UD Products (The principles of Universal Design) 1. Equitable Use 2. Flexibility in Use 3. Simple and Intuitive Use 4. Perceptible Information 5. Tolerance for Error 6. Low Physical Effort 7. Size and Space for Approach and Use SOURCE: Centre for Universal Design, North Carolina State University. See their Principles of Universal Design page and the more extensive Universal Design File These principles were developed by a multi-discplinary working group (including architects, product designers, engineers and environmental design researchers) at CUD, NCSU: Betty Rose Connell, Mike Jones, Ron Mace, Jim Mueller, Abir Mullick, Elaine Ostroff, Jon Sanford, Ed Steinfeld, Molly Story, & Gregg Vanderheiden
1E8-Lecture 2 Alexis.Donnelly Page 18 of 31 1: Equitable Use The design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities. GUIDELINES: Provide the same means of use for all users: identical whenever possible; equivalent when not. Avoid segregating or stigmatizing any users. Provisions for privacy, security, and safety should be equally available to all users. Make the design appealing to all users.
1E8-Lecture 2 Alexis.Donnelly Page 19 of 31 2: Flexible in Use The design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities. GUIDELINES: Provide choice in methods of use. Accommodate right- or left-handed access and use. Facilitate the user's accuracy and precision. Provide adaptability to the user's pace.
1E8-Lecture 2 Alexis.Donnelly Page 20 of 31 3: Simple and Intuitive Use Design is easy to understand, regardless of the user's experience, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level. GUIDELINES: Eliminate unnecessary complexity. Be consistent with user expectations and intuition. Accommodate a wide range of literacy and language skills. Arrange information consistent with its importance. Provide effective prompting and feedback during and after task completion.
1E8-Lecture 2 Alexis.Donnelly Page 21 of 31 4: Perceptible Information The design communicates necessary information effectively to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or the user's sensory abilities. GUIDELINES: Use different modes (pictorial, verbal, tactile) for redundant presentation of essential information. Provide adequate contrast between essential information and its surroundings. Maximize "legibility" of essential information. Differentiate elements in ways that can be described (i.e., make it easy to give instructions or directions). Provide compatibility with a variety of techniques or devices used by people with sensory limitations.
1E8-Lecture 2 Alexis.Donnelly Page 22 of 31 5: Tolerance for Error The design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions. GUIDELINES: Arrange elements to minimize hazards and errors: most used elements => most accessible; hazardous elements => eliminated, isolated, or shielded. Provide warnings of hazards and errors. Provide fail safe features. Discourage unconscious action in tasks that require vigilance.
1E8-Lecture 2 Alexis.Donnelly Page 23 of 31 6: Low Physical Effort The design can be used efficiently and comfortably and with a minimum of fatigue. GUIDELINES: Allow user to maintain a neutral body position. Use reasonable operating forces. Minimize repetitive actions. Minimize sustained physical effort
1E8-Lecture 2 Alexis.Donnelly Page 24 of 31 7: Size and Space for Approach and Use Appropriate size and space is provided for approach, reach, manipulation, and use regardless of user's body size, posture, or mobility. GUIDELINES: Provide a clear line of sight to important elements for any seated or standing user. Make reach to all components comfortable for any seated or standing user. Accommodate variations in hand and grip size. Provide adequate space for the use of assistive devices or personal assistance.
1E8-Lecture 2 Alexis.Donnelly Page 25 of 31 Summary: Seven Attributes of UD Products Principles of Universal Design: 1. Equitable Use 2. Flexibility in Use 3. Simple and Intuitive Use 4. Perceptible Information 5. Tolerance for Error 6. Low Physical Effort 7. Size and Space for Approach and Use Recall: Arrived at after plenty of research, discussion and argument by: architects product designers environmental design researchers engineers
1E8-Lecture 2 Alexis.Donnelly Page 26 of 31 Part M: Is Part M Universal Design ? Part M : What most building professionals use to ensure "Access for Disabled People", but what about use of all facilities inside building? Claims to have a basis in UD, but some problems are apparent: Definition of Disabilty Application gives (some) solutions, but omits stating the problem! Inconsistent and patchy coverage Not Integrated
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