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Fakultt Informatik Institut Software- und Multimediatechnik Softwaretechnologie Dr. Sebastian Gtz CBSE Component-Based Software Engineering (CBSE) 10. Introduction 1. Basics of Composition Systems Dr.-Ing. Sebastian Gtz

  1. Fakultät Informatik – Institut Software- und Multimediatechnik – Softwaretechnologie – Dr. Sebastian Götz – CBSE Component-Based Software Engineering (CBSE) 10. Introduction 1. Basics of Composition Systems Dr.-Ing. Sebastian Götz 2. Black-Box Composition Systems Technische Universität Dresden 3. Gray-Box Composition Systems Institut für Software- und Multimediatechnik http://st.inf.tu-dresden.de/teaching/cbse 04.04.2018 Based on Slides by Prof. Uwe Aßmann 1

  2. Obligatory Reading Component-Based Software Engineering (CBSE) 2 McIlroy, M. D. (1968). Mass produced software components.  In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Software Engineering, Garmisch Pattenkirchen, Germany. 1968. http://homepages.cs.ncl.ac.uk/brian.randell/NATO/nato1968.PDF (Pages 79-87) Dijkstra, E.W. (1982). On the Role of Scientific Thought.  In: Selected Writings on Computing: A personal Perspective. Texts and Monographs in Computer Science. Springer, New York, NY https://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/ewd04xx/EWD447.PDF

  3. The Destructive Power of Ill-Used Components: The Ariane 5 Launcher Failure Component-Based Software Engineering (CBSE) 3 June 4th 1996 Total failure of the Ariane 5 launcher on its maiden flight The following slides are from Ian Summerville, Software Engineering Credit: DLR/Thilo Kranz (CC-BY 3.0) 2013 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ariane_5ES_with_ATV_4_on_its_way_to_ELA-3.jpg http://www.astronews.com/news/artikel/2002/12/0212-009.shtml

  4. Ariane 5 Launcher Failure Component-Based Software Engineering (CBSE) 4 Ariane 5 can carry a heavier payload than Ariane 4 ► Ariane 5 has more thrust, launches steeper ■ 37 seconds after lift-off, the Ariane 5 launcher lost control ► Incorrect control signals were sent to the engines ■ These swivelled so that unsustainable stresses were imposed on the rocket ■ It started to break up and self-destructed ■ The system failure was a software failure ► Ian Summerville, Software Engineering

  5. The Problem of Component Reuse Component-Based Software Engineering (CBSE) 5 The attitude and trajectory of the rocket are measured by a computer-based ► inertial reference system This transmits commands to the engines to maintain attitude and direction ■ The software failed and this system and the backup system shut down ■ Diagnostic commands were transmitted to the engines ► ..which interpreted them as real data and which swivelled to an extreme position ■ Technically: Reuse Problem ► Integer overflow failure occurred during converting a 64-bit floating point number to a ■ signed 16-bit integer There was no exception handler ■ So the system exception management facilities shut down the software ■ Ian Summerville, Software Engineering

  6. Software Reuse Error Component-Based Software Engineering (CBSE) 6 The erroneous software component (Ada-83) was reused from the Ariane 4 launch ► vehicle. The computation that resulted in overflow was not used by Ariane 5. ► Decisions were made in the development ► Not to remove the facility as this could introduce new faults ■ Not to test for overflow exceptions because the processor was heavily loaded. ■ For dependability reasons, it was thought desirable to have some spare processor ■ capacity Why not in Ariane 4? ► Ariane 4 has a lower initial acceleration and build up of horizontal velocity than Ariane 5 ■ The value of the variable on Ariane 4 could never reach a level that caused overflow ■ during the launch period. The contract was not re-proven for Ariane-5 ■ There was also no run-time check for contract violation in Ariane-5 ■ Ian Summerville, Software Engineering

  7. Fakultät Informatik – Institut Software- und Multimediatechnik – Softwaretechnologie – Dr. Sebastian Götz – CBSE 10.1. Basics of Composition Systems • Component-based software engineering is built on composition systems. • A composition system has – a component model, – a composition technique, and – a composition language. 7

  8. Software is Everywhere Component-Based Software Engineering (CBSE) 8 Cars, Planes, Ships, Factories, Houses , Watches, … ► Unimaginable amount of software is spread across the globe ► How to keep this manageable? ►

  9. The Power of Components Component-Based Software Engineering (CBSE) 9 (CC0)

  10. Goals Component-Based Software Engineering (CBSE) 10 Component-based software engineering (CBSE) is the generalization of ► object-oriented software engineering (OOSE) Understand how to reuse software ► Component models are the basis of all engineering ► Understand how large software systems are build ► What is a composition system? ► The difference of component-based and composition-based systems ► What is a composition operator? composition expression? composition program? ► composition language? Understand the difference between graybox and blackbox systems ► Understand the ladder of composition systems ► Understand the criteria for comparison of composition systems ►

  11. Motivation for Component-Based Development Component-Based Software Engineering (CBSE) 11 Component-Based Development is the basis of all engineering ► Development by “divide -and- conquer” (Alexander the Great) ► Well known in other disciplines ► Mechanical engineering (e.g., German VDI 2221)  Electrical engineering  Architecture  “Make, reuse or buy” decisions (reuse decisions): ► Outsourcing to component producers (Components off the shelf, COTS) ► Reuse of partial solutions ► Easy configurability of the systems: variants, versions, product families ► Scaling business by Software Ecosystems ► Component models and composition systems are the technical basis for all modern ► software ecosystems: Linux, Eclipse, AutoSAR, Android, openHAB , ROS, …

  12. Mass-produced Software Components Component-Based Software Engineering (CBSE) 12 Mass Produced Software Components [McIlroy, Garmisch 68, NATO conference on ► software engineering]: Every ripe industry is based on components, to manage large systems ■ Components should be produced in masses and composed to systems afterwards ■ In the phrase “mass production techniques”, my emphasis is on “techniques” and not on “mass production” plain. Of course mass production, in the sense of limitless replication of a prototype, is trivial for software. But certain ideas from industrial technique I claim are relevant. • The idea of subassemblies carries over directly and is well exploited. • The idea of interchangeable parts corresponds roughly to our term “modularity”, and is fitfully respected. • The idea of machine tools has an analogue in assembly programs and compilers. Yet this fragile analogy is belied when we seek for analogues of other tangible symbols of mass production. • There do not exist manufacturers of standard parts, much less catalogues of standard parts. • One may not order parts to individual specifications of size, ruggedness, speed, capacity, precision or character set.

  13. Mass-produced Software Components Component-Based Software Engineering (CBSE) 13 Later McIlroy was with Bell Labs, ► ..and invented pipes, diff, join, echo (UNIX). ■ Pipes are still today the most employed component system! ■ Where are we today? ► (Google Ngram Viewer)

  14. “Real” Component Systems Component-Based Software Engineering (CBSE) 14 Lego ► Square stones ► Building plans ► IC‘s ► Hardware bus ► How do they differ from software? ►

  15. Definitions of Software Components Component-Based Software Engineering (CBSE) 15 A software component is a unit of composition with contractually specified interfaces • and explicit context dependencies only. • A software component can be deployed independently and • is subject to composition by third parties. • (Clemens Szyperski) A reusable software component is a logically cohesive, • loosely coupled module • that denotes a single abstraction. (Grady Booch) • A software component is a static abstraction with plugs. (Nierstrasz/Dami)

  16. What is a Software Component? Component-Based Software Engineering (CBSE) 16 A component is a container with ► Hidden inner ■ Public outer interface ■ Stating all dependencies explicitly ■ Example: a method ► int add(int a, int b) { Public outer interface: return type return a+b; ► Explicit dependencies: parameters } ► Hidden inner: method body ► A component is a reusable unit for composition! ► A component underlies a component model ► that fixes the abstraction level ■ that fixes the grain size (widget or OS?) ■ that fixes the time (static or runtime?) ■

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