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Ozone forms from NOX+VOC+Sun 3 Source: www.montgomerycountymd.gov/DEP/Resources/Images/outreach/air/ozoneformation.jpg
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Progress: Reduced in O 3 precursors 600 519 500 400 351 Tons per day 320 300 236 200 100 0 VOC NOX 2011 2017 5 Source: RAQC, 2017 Emissions Inventory and Reasonable Further Progress Demonstration DRAFT, March 2016
Progress: Inflection point VMT vs Pop Note: Colorado GDP up 30% since 2000 6 Source: DRCOG (draft 20 May 2015)
VOC Emissions: What is being done? New car/truck standards Cleaner fuels/ Alternative fuels Inspection/maintenance programs New vehicle technologies Transportation/land use programs Travel reduction programs Oil and Gas (O&G) • New regulations established by Air Quality Control Commission in Feb. 2014 Lawn and garden equipment change-out programs 7
NOx Emissions: What is Being Done? New car/truck standards Cleaner fuels/ Alternative fuels Inspection/maintenance programs Diesel retrofits New vehicle technologies Transportation/land use programs Travel reduction programs Power Plants • Clean Air Clean Jobs Act • Renewable energy/energy efficiency programs • Clean Power Plan Small engine standards Non-road engine standards Locomotive engine standards Emissions Standards for Large Engines and Boilers 8
Background Ozone ♦ Background ozone is a significant issue, especially in the West Interstate ~8-12 ppb “Background ozone” is from ♦ 10-15% natural events and non-U.S. anthropogenic sources US Background Colorado ~42-47 ppb Past and recent studies have ♦ ~18-25 ppb 55-60% 25-35% shown >55-60% of high ozone in NFR and Colorado due to background ozone 9
What can you do? ♦ Next board meeting: Friday 6 May at 9:30am at Chamber building ♦ Mower exchange: Sat 7 May at Dicks Sporting Good park (must pre-register) ♦ Ozoneaware: Everytripcounts.org : commit to reduce 2 car trips per week this summer Log trips: ozoneaware.org/calculator/ ♦ RAQC.org 10
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Regional Air Quality Council Lead agency for air quality planning for the Denver/ North Front Range region Primary responsibilities Planning to meet federal air quality ♦ standards (SIPs) and state standards Conduct programs of public education ♦ and awareness Implement public/private projects to ♦ reduce emissions and improve air quality Represent and assist local ♦ governments in the air quality planning process 12
Federal Standards √ Carbon Monoxide – attained in 1995 √ PM-10 – attained in 1993 √ PM-2.5 – never violated √ 1997 Standard √ 2006 Standard √ 2012 Standard √ Ozone √ 1-hour standard (125 ppb) – attained in 1987 √ 1997 Standard (84 ppb) – attained in 2009 X 2008 Standard (75 ppb) – out of compliance X 2015 Standard (70 ppb) – out of compliance 13
2013-2015 Design Values 2013-2015 Design Monitor Value (ppb)* 77 Welby 71 71 Aurora East 69 72 70 South Boulder Creek 74 CAMP 65 La Casa 69 74 79 Chatfield State Park 79 71 Welch 73 69 65 80 Rocky Flats 79 69 73 NREL 80 70 79 Aspen Park 70 Rocky Mtn. Nat'l Park 70 = 8-Hour Ozone 2008 Standard Fort Collins - West 77 Nonattainment Area = Denver Regional Council Fort Collins - CSU 71 of Governments (DRCOG) = North Front Range Metropolitan * Data current as of 9/30/2015 = Design Value DV Greeley - Weld Tower 72 (2013-2015)*,** ** Orange Exceeds Standard Planning Organization (NFRMPO) 14 Map Modified from FHWA (www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/air_quality/conformity/reference/maps/ozone_2008/co_denver.cfm);
2008 Ozone Standard – 75 ppb ♦ Established by EPA in March 2008 ♦ Denver/NFR area designated Marginal nonattainment area in 2012 ♦ Region failed to attain standard as required by July 2015 ♦ Region will be “bumped up” to Moderate Area by EPA ♦ New air quality plan (SIP) due in 2017 ♦ RAQC, CDPHE, and AQCC are in process of developing the plan 15
Status of Initial 2008 Nonattainment Areas 46 Areas Nationwide Marginal: Bump-Up (Not Attaining based on 2012-14 data) 11 areas Atlanta, GA El Centro, CA New York-New Jersey, NY-NJ Bakersfield, CA Grass Valley, CA Phoenix, AZ Chicago, IL Hartford, CT San Diego, CA Denver/North Front Range, CO Mariposa County, CA Marginal: 1-yr. Extension (based on 2014 data) 8 areas Cleveland, OH Pittsburgh, PA Sheboygan, WI Houston, TX St. Louis, MO Washington-Arlington, DC-VA Philadelphia, PA San Luis Obispo, CA Marginal: Attained by July 20, 2015 (based on 2012-14 data) 17 areas Allentown-Bethlehem, PA-NJ Columbus, OH Reading, PA Baton Rouge, LA Dukes County, MA Red Bluff, CA Calaveras County, CA Jamestown, NY Rock Springs, WY Charlotte-Concord, NC-SC Knoxville, TN San Francisco-Oakland, CA Chico, CA Lancaster, PA Seaford, DE Cincinnati, OH Memphis, TN Moderate and Above (2018+ Attainment Date) 10 areas Morongo Band of Mission Baltimore, MD Oxnard, CA Indians, CA Dallas-Fort Worth, TX Riverside-San Bernardino, CA Los Angeles-San Bernardino, CA Pechanga Band of Luiseno Sacramento, CA Mission Indians, CA Los Angeles-South Coast Basin, CA San Joaquin, CA 16
New 2015 Ozone Standard - 70 ppb ♦ CAA section 109(d) requires EPA to review the scientific information and National Ambient Air Quality Standards every five years. ♦ In setting NAAQS, EPA may not consider cost. (Whitman v. American Trucking Associations, 531 U.S. 457, 473 (2001)) ♦ EPA was under court order to review standard by December 1, 2014 and finalize decision by October 1, 2015. ♦ EPA proposed a standard range between 65-70 ppb in Dec. 2014 ♦ EPA Administrator issued the final standard of 70 ppb on Oct. 1, 2015 17
Statewide Ozone Status 18
National Projections for 2015 Ozone Standard 2014 Source: EPA - http://ozoneairqualitystandards.epa.gov/OAR_OAQPS/OzoneSliderApp/index.html; based on 2012-2014 data 19
2015 Standard Implementation ③ ① ② ④ ⑤ ① Standard finalized at 70 ppb – Oct. 2015 ② State recommendations on area designations due Oct. 2016 EPA issued guidance on this process in early 2016 ③ EPA finalize area designations/classifications by Oct. 2017 ④ Marginal Area attainment date – Oct. 2020 ⑤ Moderate Area attainment date – Oct. 2023 (New SIP due Oct. 2020) 20
Legal Challenges to 2015 Standard ♦ Some states and business groups have challenged the standard in court as being too stringent ♦ Other states and environmental/public health groups have challenged the standard as not being stringent enough ♦ In the meantime, EPA and the states are moving forward with the process to implement the standard 21
Annual Visibility In Denver Source: Air Pollution Control Division (APCD) – 2013 Air Quality Data Report
Progression of EPA Ozone Standard
8-Hour Ozone Trend and Federal Standards 100 95 1997 8-Hour Ozone Standard <85 ppb Annual 90 87 4th 85 Highest 8-Hour Ozone (ppb) 84 83 86 84 86 82 83 85 Daily 83 Maximu 82 82 81 81 m 8-Hour 82 80 Ozone 78 78 (ppb) 75 2008 8- Hour Ozone Standard ≤ 75 ppb 70 3-Year Average Range Proposed by EPA for 2015 Standard 4th Max 65 (Regional Design 60 Value) 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Year 24 8-Hour Ozone Standard: Based on a three-year average of the annual forth-highest daily 8-hour maximum ozone concentration.
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