World Renewable Energy Technology Congress SMALL HYDRO POWER - POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT & ISSUES Dr. SUNIL K SINGAL Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee email : sunilfah@iitr.ernet.in, sunilksingal@gmail.com 1 Sept 26, 2013 (New Delhi)
ENERGY • Energy is important input for development • Energy consumption and economic development is highly co-related • Energy is required for - Trade and Commerce - Production - Transportation Sector - Agriculture - Domestic needs
SOURCE OF ENERGY • Conventional Sources of Energy - Thermal - Hydropower - Nuclear • Non-conventional Renewable Sources of Energy - Solar - Wind - Biomass - Tidal - Geothermal - Small Hydro
SMALL HYDROPOWER • Small Hydropower is a proven renewable, mature, predictable, highest conversion efficiency and cost competitive renewable energy source. • Requires relatively high initial investment, but has the advantage of very low operation costs and a long lifespan, Part of multipurpose river valley projects, Quick start & stop, picking up • Life cycle analysis of hydropower shows as cleanest electricity technology with a low carbon footprint • Has the highest energy payback ratio. .
HYDROPOWER PROJECTS CAN BE CLASSIFIED BY A NUMBER OF WAYS By size (large, medium, small, mini, micro, pico) • • By head (high or low) • By purpose (single or multipurpose) • By storage capacity (run-of-river, pond, seasonal, multi-year) • By function (generation, pumping, reversible) • By service type (base load, peaking, intermittent) • By system design (Stand-alone or cascading)
POTENTIAL AND OPPORTUNITY • Worldwide Large well distributed undeveloped hydro potential provides opportunities. • Small hydropower can be one of best option for rural and remote area electrification as well as small investors • Substantial potential available at existing weirs, barrages, dams and canals 700 2,037 Technical Potential (GW) 600 Installed Capacity (GW) 500 Potential (GW) 400 300 200 100 0 Africa Asia Australasia/ Europe North Latin Oceania America America
RESOURCE ASSESSMENT FOR SHP For a systematic, time bound, duly shared between Government, Social and Private Sectors, master plan with new resource assessment is required. • It is an inventory of all possible sites. • May provide priority or ranking for speedy development. • May provide clusters. • May provide financial requirement. • May provide – grid network strengthening.
RESOURCE ASSESSMENT TO COVER • Existing irrigation dams and canals. • Run of river schemes • Sites for off grid rural electrification. • Sites at existing water supply, sewage treatment, return channel of thermal plants • Pump storage
TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF SMALL HYDROPOWER STATION
TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF CANAL FALL SMALL HYDROPOWER STATION
TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF DAM TOE SMALL HYDROPOWER STATION
PUMPED STORAGE (Source: IEA) PUMP STORAGE DEVELOPMENT
INDIAN ELECTRICITY SCENARIO – Aug 2013 Fuel Installed Capacity (MW) % Thermal Coal 133188 58.6 Gas 20380 9.0 Oil 1200 0.5 154768 68.1 Hydro 39623 17.6 Nuclear 4780 2.1 Renewable 28184 12.2 Total 227355 India: Fossil fuel 66% vs world 91% Hydro 17.6% vs world 9%
SECTOR-WISE TOTAL INSTALLED POWER CAPACITY IN INDIA – Aug 2013 Sector MW %age State Sector 39.2 89167 Central Sector 28.9 65612 Private Sector 31.9 72576 Total 227355
OPPORTUNITIES IN HYDROPOWER SECTOR IN HIMALAYAN STATES OF INDIA States Potential Utilised Potential to be Tapped MW MW MW % Arunachal 50328 3016 47313 94 Himachal Pradesh 18820 10022 8798 47 Uttarakhand 18175 4206 13969 77 Jammu & Kashmir 14146 2763 11383 81 Mizoram 2196 60 2136 97 Meghala 2394 269 2125 89 Manipur 1784 195 1589 89 Nagaland 1574 99 1475 94
SHP - CLASSIFICATION IN INDIA Type Station Capacity Pico/Watermill Upto 5 kW and below Micro Upto 100 kW Mini 101 kW to 2000 kW Small 2001 to 25000 kW POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT CHRONOLOGICAL PFC/AHEC ( Mar MNRE/AHEC Mar- CEA (1997 June) 2003) Up to 15 MW 2010 Up to 25 MW Up to 15 MW Schemes No. of Potential No. of Potential No. of Potential Schemes (MW) Schemes (MW) Schemes (MW) Small streams 977 6154 2396 6172 3484 11492 (ROR) Dam Toe 99 64 175 599 379 1645 Canal Falls 436 564 1407 1565 1952 2953 Total 1,512 6,782 3,978 8,337 5,815 16,090
SMALL HYDRO POWER PROGRAMME � Potential - Over 19,700 MW • Identified potential - 19,750 MW (6474sites) • Installed Capacity - 3496 MW(939 projects)(21%) • Under implementation- 1250 MW (327 projects)
PURPOSE OF SHP Social Sector SHPs- • aims to supply electricity specially in stand alone mode, • characterized with poor load factor and of small capacity • often involved in distribution also • Often are fully supported by government • O&M is recovered through user charges collection Commercial SHPs- • aims to sell electricity to power distributing or trading companies or for captive use, • are grid connected and are relatively larger capacity • have high load factor • Financially sound Both are required and different level of approach, subsidy, tariff etc are needed 18
Source : SRREN - IPCC LEVELIZED COST WITH RESPECT TO PLANT LOAD FACTOR
ISSUES – SURVEY AND INVESTIGATIONS � Information regarding the agency who carried out the investigations - Topographical surveys and investigations, - Hydrometric surveys and investigations, - Geological surveys and investigations, - Environmental impact assessment - Geo-technical investigations for Dam/ Barrage and underground works such as desilting chamber, tunnel, surge tank etc including drill logs
ISSUES – SURVEY AND INVESTIGATIONS � Assessment of quantity of muck and identification of site for muck disposal areas � Construction material survey. The locations along with their distances for sources of different construction material from the project site should be indicated on a map. � Details of power evacuation along with the alignment of transmission line shown on the topographic survey map.
ISSUES – ACCESS TO POTENTIAL SITES The access to various components of HEP becomes difficult due to; • rugged terrain, • thick vegetation cover, • poor and difficult motor able roads . RUGGED TERRAIN Ruggedness of valley is evident from steep slopes and • narrow valley. Such a valley makes survey and investigation difficult and at places even makes approach un-accessible.
THICK VEGETATION COVER The climate is hot and humid in lower reaches which favors the thick vegetation cover in valley. Thick vegetation cover makes access difficult.
POOR ROAD NETWORK AND DIFFICULT MOTORABLE ROADS
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CHALLENGES • Environmental flows and flow management specially in tandem with higher priority consumptive irrigation and drinking • Site selection and design optimization • Construction and associated infrastructure impacts specially tunnelling, waste disposal, blasting • Land management and rehabilitation • Aquatic biodiversity • Sedimentation, erosion and land slide • Extent and severity of environmental impacts • Greenhouse gas emissions, climate change risks • Social impact assessment and management planning • Community and stakeholder consultation and support • Dispute resolution / complaints mechanisms • Improved communications and call for a sustainability standard
ADOPTION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Economy Environment Sustainability Society To keep a balance On sound policy, technology and implementation
PROSPECTS FOR TECHNOLOGY IMPROVEMENT AND INNOVATION • Variable speed technology • Fish-friendly turbines • Hydrokinetic turbines • Abrasive resistant turbines • Tunnelling technology • Dam technology • Optimization of operation • Resource Assessment, Planning & Design • Good controls
• Potential from very low head and hydrokinetic projects are usually not assessed in existing resource assessment for • Generally head under 1 to 1.5 m are not viable with traditional technology. • New technologies are being developed to take advantage small water elevation changes, but mostly rely on the kinetic energy of stream flow compared to potential energy due to hydraulic head • "Free Flow" or "hydrokinetic" generation captures energy from moving water without requiring a dam or diversion • While hydrokinetics includes generation from ocean tides, currents and waves; hopefully practical application in the near future is likely to be in rivers and streams
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