Wind Power Application – State of the Art Hugh Nguyen Supervisor Engineering – Resource Integration
Outline 1. About PSE 2. PSE Wind Assets 3. Wind Integration and Benefits 4. Pacific Northwest Transmission Requirements � Transmission and wind characteristics 5. Wind Power Application -- State of the Art: � Turbine � Forecasting � Technical challenges (i.e., modeling, VAR support, stability, etc.) 6. Wind Bright Future 2
PSE - a Washington Company State’s oldest and largest utility � 6,000 sq. miles � 11 counties � 1 million+ electric customers � 735,000 natural gas customers � Public Service Company with � an obligation to serve 3
• Makes up 5% of PSE’s annual average load • 429 MW of capacity and counting PSE Wind Assets 4
Relative Size of Wind Turbines Vestas V80-1.8MW Statue of Liberty 2-Story House 2-Story House 5
Wind Turbine Facts Rotor Dia = 80 meters � Swept Area = 5,026 m 2 � Rotation = 15.5 RPM � Gen Voltage = 690 Volts � Capacity = 1,800 kW � Nacelle Weight = 77 tons � Rotor Weight = 41 tons � Tower Weight = 105 tons � Total Weight = 223 tons � 6
Inside a Wind Turbine 1. Hub controller 2. Pitch cylinder 3. Main shaft 4. Oil cooler 5. Gearbox 6. VMP-Top controller with converter 7. Mechanical disc brake 8. Service crane 9. Transformer 10. Blade hub 11. Blade bearing 12. Blade 13. Rotor lock system 14. Hydraulic system 15. Hydraulic clamp ring 16. Turntable 17. Machine foundation 18. Yaw gears 19. OptiSpeed™ generator 20. Air cooler for generator 7
PSE Wind Integration Wild Horse � Integrated in PSE’s balancing authority � Hopkins Ridge � Integrated in BPA’s balancing authority � Klondike III � Integrated in BPA’s balancing authority � 8
Managing Wind Variability � Utilize Mid-Columbia hydro generation � Rely on wind forecast for flexibility � Use load following flexibility at PSE hydro � Purchase needed reserves from other BA’s � Call on combustion turbines to meet unexpected wind generation gaps � Ramp internal resources � Curtail wind if truly necessary, as a last resource 9
Wind Benefits Clean emission-free wind energy that reduces � the impact on climate change A federal wind power credit could be passed � through to Puget Sound Energy customers. The credit is a federal income tax benefit from PSE's ownership � of wind power generating plants. If approved by the Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission, the wind credit will rise 28¢ and bring the total monthly credit to $1.68 for homes using 1,000 kwh/month. Renewable Energy Credit (REC). PSE is � monetizing these until 2011, and seeing market rates ~ $5/Mwh Jobs created and local economies benefit � 10
PSE Existing Resources Power Type Legend Hydro Thermal Gas Storage Wind 11
Hopkins Ridge Wind Project Project Site Developed by Renewable Energy � Systems All-in cost of $200 million in 2005 � 150 MW � 38% capacity factor – YTD 2008 � Vestas Turbines � 1.8 MW Capacity � 220 feet tall at hub � 320 feet to tip of blade � 12
Wild Horse Wind Project Developed by Horizon Wind � ≈ 11 miles east of Ellensburg in � Kittitas County, Washington Shrub steppe habitat - primarily grazing � land ≈ 8-mile 230kV transmission line to PSE IP � Line at new Wind Ridge Substation 230 MW � Project Capacity factor 37% - YTD 2008 � Area Project Kittitas Site County Private land owned by PSE � ≈ 5,400 acres ( ≈ 87 WTGs) � ≈ 1,280 acres (site access) � State land leased by PSE � DNR ≈ 2,560 acres ( ≈ 31 WTGs) � WDFW ≈ 640 acres ( ≈ 9 WTGs) � Five (5) transmission leases � All-in cost of $380 million in 2006 � Commercial Operation Dec 22, 2006 � 13
Wind Characteristics Regulation and Load Following � Variation will dictate the use of system reserves � Relying on wind during peak conditions is � less than ideal Accurate forecast into the hour is premium � Usually rich in remote locations therefore � requiring more transmission to transfer to load center 14
Wind Variability Wind speed varies � every hour Forecast uncertainty � System level plan for � daily or weekly forecast Schedule for � upcoming O&M activities 15
Wind Variability One Hour Period 16
Voltage Control Hopkins Ridge � 6 Hour Trace � August 10, 2006 � Varying Output � 5 to 65 MW � Collection Voltage � 34.9 to 35.3 kV � Stable VARs � System Voltage � 123.9 to 126.3 kV � 17
Renewable Resource Strategy Identify links between needs and available � resources Washington Renewable Portfolio Standard � requirements influence renewable acquisition Optimize development and deployment of � resources based on their benefits to: Electricity system � Environment � Local economies � Develop/ Acquire smart planning tools that help � integrate resource characteristics effectively 18
Objectives Determine performance characteristics for � renewable technology Investigate how renewable distributed electricity � generation can help address transmission constraints and serve loads Identify locations where renewable generation � can effectively be integrated: First, Look for weak elements in the system by � simulating impacts from lost transmission or capacity Then, identify locations in system where new � generation can provide grid reliability benefits 19
Normal System Operation 100 MW 110 MW 40 Mvar 80 MW 33 MW 32 MW 30 Mvar A Three One MVA 1.05 pu 0.9930 pu A 58 MW 57 MW 82% Fo 67 MW 21 MW MVA 1.0 A 40 MW A 11 MW 20 Mvar 1 MVA 23 MW MVA A System does not 21 MW MVA A 67 MW have operation 11 MW MVA Two violations 1.04 pu 23 MW A Five 23 MW 66 MW 65 MW MVA 1.01 pu 42 MW 50 MW 130 MW A A 40 Mvar 87% MVA 200 MW MVA 0 Mvar 23 MW 29 MW 28 MW 43 MW A Seven Six MVA 29 MW 28 MW 1.04 pu 1.04 pu A 200 MW MVA 280 MW 187 MW 0 Mvar 20
Abnormal Condition – A line is out 100 MW 110 MW 40 Mvar 80 MW A 55 MW 53 MW 30 Mvar 83% Three Then this line gets One MV A 1.05 pu 0.9675 pu overloaded A 0 MW 0 MW Four (is a weak element ) MVA 45 MW 56 MW A 1.00 pu A 40 MW This is a serious 26 MW 156% 20 Mvar 150 MW MVA 44 MW A problem for the MVA A 58 MW MVA 45 MW system 95% 25 MW Two MV A 1.04 pu A 43 MW Five 30 MW 52 MW 51 MW MVA 1.01 pu 36 MW 50 MW 130 MW A A 40 Mvar 83% Planning Solutions: MVA 200 MW MV A 0 Mvar 30 MW New line to bus 3 37 MW 25 MW 24 MW A Seven OR Six MVA 25 MW 24 MW 1.04 pu 1.04 pu A New generation 200 MW MVA 280 MW at bus 3 188 MW 0 Mvar 21
Wind Resource Locations Generally not heavily populated and far � away from load centers Original plan for the area probably not � intended for generation integration And “transmission” in the area is usually � weak � i.e., small conductors, limited capacity, and the system was designed to serve small native loads 22
Getting Wind Resources Home May require costly transmission upgrades � Complex and usually involve lengthy � negotiations with neighbor utilities Pacific Northwest grid: � Congested � BPA manages for most part � 23
Transmission Constraints Wind desperately needs transmission in the PNW � 24
Goldendale Goldendale 25
NW Paths & Seasonal Power Flow Directions Summer Transfers Winter Transfers Constrained Transmission Path 26
WI LLI STON EDMONTON Major Transmission Paths around MI CA KELLY LAKE REVELSTOKE Washington NI COLA CH EEKYE LANGDON D UNSMUI R I NGLEDOW VASEU X LK SELKI RK P-1 CRANBROOK Path Name & Rating: P-3 FAI RMONT MONROE COULEE P-1 -- Northwest-Canada: 3150 MW N-S; P-2 2000 MW S-N TAFT P-4 SCHULTZ P-2 -- West Cascades North: 10200 MW E-W RAVER P-5 P-6 BELL P-11 OLYMPI A P-3 -- Monroe-Echo Lake: 1200 MW N-S PAUL P-4 -- Raver-Paul: 2010 MW N-S H ANFORD P-9 ALLSTON P-7 DWORSHAK GARRI SON P-5 -- North of Hanford: 3700 MW N-S P-10 ASHE JOHN DAY P-6 -- Paul-Allston: 2500 MW N-S BI G ED DY MCNARY TOWNSEND P-8 P-7 -- North of John Day: 8400 MW OSTRANDER P-8 -- West Cascades South: 7000 MW E-W P-9 -- South of Allston: 2640 MW N-S ROUND BU TTE MARI ON P-10 -- West of McNary: 2980 MW E-W P-11 – West of Hatwai: 4300 MW E-W GRI ZZLY ALVEY MI DPOI NT MERI DI AN SUMMER LAKE BORAH MALI N ROU ND MOUNTAI N 27 OLI ND A
Proposed NW Transmission Projects 28
Power System Basics Three major power system components � � Generation creates electric power � Load consumes electric power � Transmission transmits electric power from generation to load center � Distribution distributes power to load 29
Transmission and Distribution Typical high voltage transmission voltages � 500, 345, 230, 161, 138 and 69 kV � Transmission tends to be a grid system � Each bus is typically supplied from two or more � directions Lower voltage lines are used for distribution � Typical voltage of 12 kV � tend to be radial � Transformers are used to change the voltage � 30
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