What we will do - look at what we know about COVID-19 so far in relation to prospects for herbal practitioners to support their patients • stages of immune involvement with COVID-19 • what the risk factors for COVID-19 tell us • key areas where we may be able to help • insights from Chinese and Indian traditions • some practical herbal steps
Defensive rings: our immune system Barrier immunity Innate immunity Inflammation/fever Acquired /specific immunity Check ourhealth.directory for more
Defensive rings: our immune system Instant Barrier immunity Skin, airway defences, saliva, stomach acid, microbiome Innate immunity Inflammation/fever Acquired /specific immunity Check ourhealth.directory for more
Defensive rings: our immune system Instant Barrier immunity Skin, airway defences, saliva, stomach acid, microbiome Up to 4 hours Innate immunity Phagocytes: neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, natural killer cells Complement, cytokines, interferons Inflammation/fever Acquired /specific immunity Check ourhealth.directory for more
Defensive rings: our immune system Instant Barrier immunity Skin, airway defences, saliva, stomach acid, microbiome Up to 4 hours Innate immunity Phagocytes: neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, natural killer cells Complement, cytokines, interferons 4 hours – 4 days Inflammation/fever Increased blood flow, activation of blood wall defences Movement of white blood cells into tissues Histamine and other cytokines Acquired /specific immunity Check ourhealth.directory for more
Defensive rings: our immune system Instant Barrier immunity Skin, airway defences, saliva, stomach acid, microbiome Up to 4 hours Innate immunity Phagocytes: neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, natural killer cells Complement, cytokines, interferons 4 hours – 4 days Inflammation/fever Increased blood flow, activation of blood wall defences Movement of white blood cells into tissues Histamine and other cytokines Days to weeks Acquired /specific immunity Antigen presentation Humoral immunity: B-cells > antibodies Cell-mediated immunity: T-cells Check ourhealth.directory for more
Defensive rings: our immune system COVID-19 Instant Barrier immunity Skin, airway defences, saliva, stomach acid, microbiome Up to 4 hours Innate immunity Phagocytes: neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, natural killer cells Complement, cytokines, interferons 4 hours – 4 days Inflammation/fever Increased blood flow, activation of blood wall defences Movement of white blood cells into tissues Histamine and other cytokines Days to weeks Acquired /specific immunity Antigen presentation Humoral immunity: B-cells > antibodies Cell-mediated immunity: T-cells Check ourhealth.directory for more
Defensive rings: our immune system COVID-19 Instant Barrier immunity Skin, airway defences, saliva, stomach acid, microbiome Up to 4 hours Innate immunity Phagocytes: neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, natural killer cells Complement, cytokines, interferons 4 hours – 4 days Inflammation/fever Increased blood flow, activation of blood wall defences Movement of white blood cells into tissues Histamine and other cytokines Days to weeks Acquired /specific immunity Antigen presentation Humoral immunity: B-cells > antibodies Cell-mediated immunity: T-cells Check ourhealth.directory for more
Defensive rings: our immune system COVID-19 Instant Barrier immunity No Skin, airway defences, saliva, stomach acid, microbiome symptoms! Up to 4 hours Innate immunity Phagocytes: neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, natural killer cells Complement, cytokines, interferons 4 hours – 4 days Inflammation/fever Increased blood flow, activation of blood wall defences Movement of white blood cells into tissues Histamine and other cytokines Days to weeks Acquired /specific immunity Antigen presentation Humoral immunity: B-cells > antibodies Cell-mediated immunity: T-cells Check ourhealth.directory for more
Defensive rings: our immune system COVID-19 Instant Barrier immunity No Skin, airway defences, saliva, stomach acid, microbiome symptoms! Up to 4 hours 25-60%? Innate immunity Phagocytes: neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, natural killer cells Complement, cytokines, interferons 4 hours – 4 days Inflammation/fever Increased blood flow, activation of blood wall defences Movement of white blood cells into tissues Histamine and other cytokines Days to weeks Acquired /specific immunity Antigen presentation Humoral immunity: B-cells > antibodies Cell-mediated immunity: T-cells Check ourhealth.directory for more
Defensive rings: our immune system COVID-19 Instant Barrier immunity Skin, airway defences, saliva, stomach acid, microbiome Up to 4 hours 25-60%? Innate immunity aches, cough Phagocytes: neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, natural killer cells nausea Complement, cytokines, interferons fatigue 4 hours – 4 days Inflammation/fever Increased blood flow, activation of blood wall defences Movement of white blood cells into tissues Histamine and other cytokines Days to weeks Acquired /specific immunity Antigen presentation Humoral immunity: B-cells > antibodies Cell-mediated immunity: T-cells Check ourhealth.directory for more
Defensive rings: our immune system COVID-19 Instant Barrier immunity Skin, airway defences, saliva, stomach acid, microbiome Up to 4 hours 25-60%? Innate immunity Phagocytes: neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, natural killer cells Complement, cytokines, interferons fever 4 hours – 4 days more pain Inflammation/fever more fatigue breathlessness Increased blood flow, activation of blood wall defences > slow recovery Movement of white blood cells into tissues Histamine and other cytokines RISK of pneumonia Days to weeks arthritis Acquired /specific chronic inflammation immunity Antigen presentation Humoral immunity: B-cells > antibodies Cell-mediated immunity: T-cells Check ourhealth.directory for more
Defensive rings: our immune system COVID-19 Instant Barrier immunity Skin, airway defences, saliva, stomach acid, microbiome Up to 4 hours 25-60%? Innate immunity Phagocytes: neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, natural killer cells Complement, cytokines, interferons 4 hours – 4 days Inflammation/fever Increased blood flow, activation of blood wall defences EITHER healing Movement of white blood cells into tissues Histamine and other cytokines and reduced symptoms Days to weeks OR risk of immune Acquired /specific damage, kidney disease, sepsis , immunity organ failure ... Antigen presentation Humoral immunity: B-cells > antibodies Cell-mediated immunity: T-cells Check ourhealth.directory for more
Defensive rings: our immune system COVID-19 Instant Of the 40-75% of those Barrier immunity infected who know it, 80% Skin, airway defences, saliva, stomach acid, microbiome Up to 4 hours have mild or moderate 25-60%? Innate immunity symptoms and mostly engage the three outer Phagocytes: neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, natural killer cells Complement, cytokines, interferons defensive rings. 4 hours – 4 days Inflammation/fever THIS IS WHERE WE NEED TO WORK TOO – to reduce our Increased blood flow, activation of blood wall defences Movement of white blood cells into tissues patients’ odds of being Histamine and other cytokines among the 8-15% who have a Days to weeks severe or critical infection – Acquired /specific AND STOP THERE? immunity Antigen presentation Humoral immunity: B-cells > antibodies Cell-mediated immunity: T-cells Check ourhealth.directory for more
High blood pressure often involves an increase in the angiotensin converting enzyme ( ACE ). Inflammation/fever What conditions are most vulnerable ACE inhibitors like ramipril , and angiotensin receptor Increased blood flow, activation of blood wall defences to COVID-19 complications? blockers (ARBs) like candesartan , are commonly Movement of white blood cells into tissues prescribed to block the effects of this enzyme. • High blood pressure Histamine and other cytokines !! The body also produces ACE2 which counterbalances • Heart disease and stroke ACE. These prescriptions also increase the production > the endothelium of ACE2. Other reasons? • Diabetes ACE2 is important in protecting the lungs. However cells producing ACE2 are targeted by coronaviruses, Being male including COVID-19. • Obesity Ethnicity It has been suggested that patients taking ACE- > endothelial activation • Cancer inhibitor or ARB prescriptions may be increasing routes Endothelial dysfunction: < COVID viral endothelitis? of infection by this coronavirus. However there is new Smoking! Increased inflammatory activity > cardiovascular and chronic diseases evidence that suggests the opposite. • Lung disease Loss of elasticity > high blood pressure Blood vessel damage and increased clotting > intravascular Do not encourage patients remotely to stop taking coagulopathy , hypoxia, kidney disease, stroke , thrombosis • Liver and kidney disease these medicines: the increase in blood pressure itself The first stage of inflammation Insulin resistance > diabetes is probably a worse risk. Check ourhealth.directory for more
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