What ’s next in Accelerator Particle Physics (somewhat CERN biased…) Neutrino Telescopes Conference Venezia, March 9, 2001 Luciano MAIANI CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
E. Fermi ’s maximal accelerator ( Seminar at APS, 29.01.1954 ) Thanks to Fabiola Gianotti, James Pilcher VLHC project logo E. Fermi 2 Tesla Year 1994 E Beam = 5 10 3 TeV Cost 170 B$ March 9, 2001 L. Maiani. WHAT'S NEXT? 2
Fermi maximal accelerator (cont ’d) Thanks to Mark Oreglia, Adrienne Kolb March 9, 2001 L. Maiani. WHAT'S NEXT? 3
Fermi’s successors did not fare so badly... Fermi: P-P, 1994, E beam ≈ 5 • 10 15 eV, 170B US$ 100000 (3 TeV in c.o.m. !) LHC 10000 LHC 1000 TEVATRON SppS Tevatron: P-Pbar, 1987 e+e- HERA pp or pp-bar E equiv ≈0.5 10 15 eV RHIC LEP2 per nucleon SLC 100 LEP ISR y=0.3719e0.1898x PETRA TRISTAN P E P LEP2: e + e - , 1995 y=15.97e0.1535x VEPP-4 PEP2 CESR 10 ≈ same en. range as Tevatron CEA KEK-B DORIS SPEAR BEPC DCI ADONE LHC: P-P , 2006 CBX VEPP-2 1 DAFNE ACO E equiv ≈1.1•10 17 eV, ≈5B US$ AdA VEP-1 + X-factories 0.1 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 +Heavy Ions... March 9, 2001 L. Maiani. WHAT'S NEXT? 4
Training Quenches at 1.8K 10.00 9.75 Magnetic Field at Quench B [Tesla] No quench 9.50 9.25 9 Tesla 9.00 8.75 8.50 Nominal LHC field 8.25 8.00 7.75 7.50 7.25 7.00 0 1 2 3 4 5 Quench Number HCMBB-A0001-01000001.T1 Ul ti m ate Field = 9T Nom in al Field = 8.34 Tesl a The LHC dipole n. 0001 Artist view of the LHC in the LE� P Tunnel March 9, 2001 L. Maiani. WHAT'S NEXT? 5
Summary • What ’s next in Particle Physics • Neutrino masses and oscillations • Higgs boson search • Supersymmetry • Extra dimensions? • Accelerators for the future • Towards a nu-factory, CERN ’s SPL • VLHC? • CLIC • The extreme optimist ’ s scenario • Conclusions Thanks to: – J-P. Delahaye, J. Ellis, F. Gianotti, G. Giudice, K. Hubner, L. Evans, A. DeRoeck. March 9, 2001 L. Maiani. WHAT'S NEXT? 6
Mass spectrum of quarks and leptons 1.00E+12 1.00E+11 1.00E+10 M Proton 1.00E+09 1.00E+08 1.00E+07 quarks and charged 1.00E+06 leptons up-q 1.00E+05 down-q 1.00E+04 ch-lept 1.00E+03 neutrinos 1.00E+02 1.00E+01 1.00E+00 2nd family 1st family 3rd family eV 0 1 2 3 4 1.00E-01 1.00E-02 neutrinos!!! 1.00E-03 1.00E-04 ??? March 9, 2001 L. Maiani. WHAT'S NEXT? 7
Neutrino mass & oscillations < φ > 2 g = = 2 2 [ ] m Λ < φ > 15 10 GeV − = ⋅ 3 2 2 2 1 6 10 . [ ( ) ( )] eV g Λ 200 GeV K&SuperK Long Base-Line ν beams discovery!!! K2K Other oscillation signals: Minos @ FermiLab - Solar ν ’s (≈10 -4 eV 2 ) CERN to Gran Sasso ∆ m 2 12 may be 10 -1 - 10 -2 ∆ m 2 13 K2K, new!!!: CP violation may be visible CC seen ≈ 28, expected ≈ 38 - LSND (≈1 eV 2 )(???) L/E ≈ 200 →∆ m 2 ≈ 2 10 -3 March 9, 2001 L. Maiani. WHAT'S NEXT? 8
Higgs hunting : LEP and elsewhere • Evidence for a Higgs particle at about 115 GeV/c 2 found in the last months of operation in year 2000 Statistical Significance 2.2 σ September 5 2.3 σ LEP fest 2.9 σ November 2 Preliminary !!! ALEPH: candidate for e+e- → Z+H (Summer 2000) P. Igo-Kemenes-LEP Seminar-Nov.3, 2000 March 9, 2001 L. Maiani. WHAT'S NEXT? 9
TEVATRON RUNII Plot taken from Physics at Run II Workshop March 9, 2001 L. Maiani. WHAT'S NEXT? 10
Higgs Boson at the LHC • SM Higgs boson can be discovered at ≈ 5 σ after ≈1 year of operation (10 L is per fb -1 / experiment) for m H ≈ 150 GeV experiment • Discovery faster for larger masses • Whole mass range can be excluded at 95% CL after ~1 month of running at 10 33 cm -2 s -1 . 5 σ results are conservative: LP2 -- no k-factors -- simple cut-based analyses -- conservative assumptions on detector performance F. Gianotti -- channels where background control is → ν WH l bb difficult not included, e.g March 9, 2001 L. Maiani. WHAT'S NEXT? 11
Measurement of the SM Higgs parameters at LHC: mass to ~0.1%, width to ≤ 10%, rates ( σ x BR) to ~10%, ratios of couplings (WWH, ZZH, ttH, bbH) to 10-20% March 9, 2001 L. Maiani. WHAT'S NEXT? 12
Higgs decay branching ratios at a Linear e + e - Collider (TESLA/NLC/JLC) accuracy on δ BR/BR (M H = 120 GeV ): bb : 2:4% WW* : 5:4% cc : 8:3% gg : 5:5% ττ : 6:0% ratio of the ττ to the bb branching ratios =(m τ /m b ) 2 (P. Zerwas, LC study) Branching ratios of SM Higgs decays into fermion and WW*pairs M. Battaglia, hep-ph/9910271. March 9, 2001 L. Maiani. WHAT'S NEXT? 13
Triple Higgs coupling + − → ν + ν + + e e H H March 9, 2001 L. Maiani. WHAT'S NEXT? 14
Supersymmetry in the TeV range • SUSY charges carry 1/2 spin (matter-forces unification) µ = γ + • A bridge towards gravity αβ { α , β } µ ... Q Q P • TeV scale indicated by hierarchy problem • Study of SUSY spectrum: deep in multi TeV region Lightest SUSY Particles may still be around from BIG-BANG March 9, 2001 L. Maiani. WHAT'S NEXT? 15
Amaldi, de Boer, Furstenau Unification Hints See also : Ellis, Kelley, Nanopoulos; MSSM Langacker, Luo Courtesy of G. Ross, LEP fest Large New Dimensions Dimopoulos, Raby, Wilczek Ibanez, GGR Unification at a TEV??? Dienes, Dudas, Ghergetta, March 9, 2001 L. Maiani. WHAT'S NEXT? 16
Getting into TeV and many TeV region with complementary probes is necessary to fully understand the Supersymmetry spectrum TESLA Particles discovered NLC/JLC in eight sample models at LHC or e + e - L C e + e - L C (J. Ellis, F. Gianotti, A.deRoek, CLIC working group) March 9, 2001 L. Maiani. WHAT'S NEXT? 17
Expected reach of CMS in various channels & the cosmological parameters March 9, 2001 L. Maiani. WHAT'S NEXT? 18
Extra space dimensions? •Waves (and particles) of large wave R length (small energy) simply do not fit in the curved dimension •how small is R? Kaluza & Klein 1930’s « if a cat would disappear in Pasadena and reappear in Erice, this would be an example of global cat conservation. This is not the way cats are conserved » (R.P. Feynman) .... in 4 dimensions Superstring theory not consistent in 4 dimensions Extra curved dimensions required Scale? ≈ 1/M Planck ? March 9, 2001 L. Maiani. WHAT'S NEXT? 19
Extra Dimensions at mm scale? Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos, Dvali (1998) The universe viewed in the small: quarks, leptons, and gauge fields are bound to a D-brane localised in an extra compact dimension. Giudice, Rattazzi, Wells e + e - → γ + Gravitons Gravity in 3+D dim. = m m = m m 1 1 R D 1 2 1 2 V ( ) + + 2 D 1 D 2 r r ( M ) r ( M ) D Planck 2 = 1 M M D =1 TeV Planck D R ( ) R≈ mm (D=2) M M D D R≈ fermi (D=6) March 9, 2001 L. Maiani. WHAT'S NEXT? 20
region excluded by previous work Limits on above lines : Irvine, Moscow and Lamoreaux. anomalous Present constraint shown by the gravity line labeled Eöt-Wash. mm March 9, 2001 L. Maiani. WHAT'S NEXT? 21
Limits on mass scale M D for n Extra Dimensions LEP LHC 2 = 1 M ≈ 1mm for M D ≈ 1 TeV, D=2 Pl ( ) n R recall: M M D D March 9, 2001 L. Maiani. WHAT'S NEXT? 22
Strategy for the future High Energy Frontier: •as soon as possible! • LHC •complementary, necessary step • e + e - LC, E tot <1 TeV e + e - (emittance…) • exploration of nearby “Beyond the } • LC, E tot ≈ multiTeV (CLIC) Standard Model” • VLHC • Anom. Dim’s. up to 40-50 TeV Flavour physics: • The unexpected Neutrino superbeam } Θ 13 ; CP violation in lepton sector Neutrino factory Further in the future: Muon collider March 9, 2001 L. Maiani. WHAT'S NEXT? 23
Nu-factory status • A truly international effort (e.g. FermiLab and BNL studies) • substantial investment required (proton driver only ≈ 20%): more emphasis on CNGS2 ? • @ CERN: – studies have started (SPL, high power target, HARP…) – European collaboration started (CEA, IN2P3, INFN, RAL…) – Co-ordination among Int.’l Laboratories is being proposed (to FNAL, LBL, BNL, Cornell, KEK+ EU laboratories) • SPL : cost=320MCHF; beneficial to ISOLDE, CNGS, LHC... March 9, 2001 L. Maiani. WHAT'S NEXT? 24
CERN neutrino beam to Gran Sasso ν ≈ 20 E GeV Civil works committed optimized for in spring 2000 τ detection Commissioning: Experimental proposals Spring 2005 OPERA approved Jan 2001 March 9, 2001 L. Maiani. WHAT'S NEXT? 25
From septum blades to Stability Islands 2000 the intensity delivered to the SPS was between 1 to 1 . 7 •10 13 ppp. In 2001 it is planned to deliver up to 2•10 13 ppp. For CNGS it is planned to deliver more than 3 •10 13 ppp. March 9, 2001 L. Maiani. WHAT'S NEXT? 26
Isometric schematic of the CERN reference scenario for a Neutrino Factory(CERN, NF Note 28, 16th August 2000) 4MW on target to very long distance Laboratory to Gran Sasso, 730 km March 9, 2001 L. Maiani. WHAT'S NEXT? 27
new SC cavities at β =0.52, 0.7, 0.8 Layout of the SPL (Super conducting Proton Linac) The 2.2 GeV Superconducting H¯ linac parameters in quasi-CW mode Cost 350MCHF (prel.) good for Isolde, CNGS, LHC. We have 53 klys. March 9, 2001 L. Maiani. WHAT'S NEXT? 28
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