Elementary Particle Physics in a Nutshell
Elementary Particle Physics in a Nutshell ● Elementary particle physics explores the nature of the very large and the very small
Elementary Particle Physics in a Nutshell ● Elementary particle physics explores the nature of the very large and the very small ● ... forces within the nucleus
Elementary Particle Physics in a Nutshell ● Elementary particle physics explores the nature of the very large and the very small ● ... forces within the nucleus ● ... the stuff of the universe
Elementary Particle Physics in a Nutshell ● Elementary particle physics explores the nature of the very large and the very small ● ... forces within the nucleus ● ... the stuff of the universe ● ... the unity of forces
● ...searches for new elementary (not just elemental) forms of matter ● Explores the dominance of matter over anti-matter ● ... the unification of physical symmetries in a hot universe ● ... origins of mass
● ...searches for new elementary (not just elemental) forms of matter ● Explores the dominance of matter over anti-matter ● ... the unification of physical symmetries in a hot universe ● ... origins of mass ● ... the fundamental theories of “life, the universe and everything “
Study basic constituents of matter and the forces that govern their actions
The Labs Fermilab (Near Chicago) CERN (Geneva, Switzerland) The Tevatron Tdhe LHC proton-antiproton collider proton-proton collider at c.o.m. Energy = 2TeV at c.o.m. Energy = 14TeV 6.3 km circumference 27 km circumference May 4, 2005 Drew Baden 10
T evatron
not to scale
The Experiments D Ø - Fermilab CMS - CERN Weighs 5000 tons Weighs 12,500 tons ~10 6 channels of information ~10 7 channels of information Inspects ~3-30 x10 6 Inspects ~40-1000 x10 6 collisions/sec. collisions/sec. Running now, mature experiment, First physics data: end of 2009 high quality data May 4, 2005 Drew Baden 13
D -Zero
Slice of CMS 7m May 4, 2005 Drew Baden 15
The kinds of questions we ask Are there undiscovered principles of nature: new symmetries, new physical laws? Are there extra dimensions of space? What is dark matter? How can we make it in the laboratory?
The kinds of questions we ask Composition of the universe Cosmic tug of war How can we solve the mystery of dark energy? Do all the forces become one?
The kinds of >12 orders of questions we ask magnitude in mass! Why are there so many kinds of particles? What is mass? Standard Model particles, many more may exist What is the origin of electroweak symmetry breaking? mass = 80.4 GeV photon W mass = 0
The kinds of questions we ask How did the universe come to be? Now E=mc 2 What happened to the antimatter? Then Matter Antimatter
xkcd.com
Electroweak Unification Cold EM-like Weak-like EM/Weak interactions Hot unified at large Energy/ momentum EM/Weak interactions transfer unified at large energy/momentum transfer
Quantum Chromodynamics Gauge theory (like electromagnetism) describes fermions (quarks) which carry an SU(3) charge (color) and interact through the exchange of vector bosons (gluons) ● Interesting features: - gluons themselves have color - interactions are strong - coupling constant runs rapidly becomes weak at momentum transfers above a few GeV In a more general theory (GUT), expect unification w/ electroweak force
LHC: The New Frontier Accumulate world's largest data sets at highest energies before LHC era physics menu includes: physics menu includes: Copious top production Test of EW physics to “unitarity limit” Precision top physics (first ever) Copious Higgs production*, test SM Precision EW physics (new vs. SUSY Higgs observations of di-boson states) Direct observations of SUSY states* Searches: Higgs* and new physics or elimination of the lifetime work of (explore much of SUSY phase space, many theorists :) extra-dimensions, exotic matter states) Order of magnitude gain in physics QCD and proton hadronic structure reach at smallest distance scales* (new levels of precision, smallest Open door to weirdness: black hole distance scales yet)* production, extremely massive exotic Discover new states predicted by QPM states, new types of strong Heavy flavor physics* (Precision interactions, extra-dimensions*.... measurements in heavy quark sector, relationship between generations, matter A new era of HEP research starts antimatter asymmetry,... this Fall! Mature experiment, high quality data * general group interests at present
Various T echnical Projects
At the CMS test beam
Constantly pushing technological envelopes: ● High speed electronics ● Computing ● Precision detector readout ● Radiation and high magnetic field tolerant devices ● Fast, exceptionally sensitive detector technologies ● State of the art data analysis techniques ● ...
World's 1 st web site and a the WWW, a gift to the world from HEP 1990
Workshops and Physics Schools
Around Fermilab
Around CERN
CERN Surroundings
Where do HEP students go? HEP students and postdocs go many places after completing their research, some (very few really) examples: Industry Industrial research and instrumentation design Wireless technology and network infrastructure IT Consulting Financial analysis, modeling Design of medical treatment devices Non-Industry Private and public “think tanks” But, you should only choose this or National research laboratories (not only HEP) any other research Law, Media area because you Academia are interested in 4-year undergraduate colleges the physics! Tier-1 research universities no passion, no progress!
What can you learn along w/ physics? Lots: detector technologies, typical HEP experiments can easily employ many varieties of particle detection – enormous amount of practical physics in development of detector systems high performance data readout systems, electronics (HEP detectors must typically process 10's of TB of data each second) high performance computing: need to cull above data rate to manageable levels in real time handle data sets at many PetaByte level sophisticated data analysis techniques, statistical reasoning, multivariate approaches for problems -> extracting maximal information from data working with engineers and detector/accelerator physics experts to bring experiments on-line experience w/ detailed simulations of detector systems and physics processes join in a large talented physics community, amazing access to expertise in world wide community + many opportunities to contribute to high-profile efforts
Interested in Experimental HEP? Great opportunities for graduate students this year Some resources: - seminars, colloquia, ... - Symmetry Magazine: http://www.symmetrymagazine.org - CERN Courier: http://cerncourier.com - Femilab Today: http://www.fnal.gov/pub/today/ A fantastic time to get involved!
Want to try learn more? I'll be happy to meet with interested students. ● Lab Tours ● Project Details ● Opportunities to get involved at UVa, CERN, Fermilab Hirosky@Virginia.EDU
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