Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack
Who are we? Scientists We work at the Babraham Institute We investigate how our bodies work and what can happen to make us ill Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack
Who are you? Students Which school do you go to? Are your parents scientists? What experiments have you already done? Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack
Today you are… Scientists You’ll be investigating what makes us sick AND finding out how our bodies keep us safe Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack
What are microorganisms? Small, tiny, microscopic… Living creatures.. Can make you sick, but MOST DON’T Can be… bacteria, viruses, fungi Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack
What do they do? Good things? Bad things? Antibiotics Infections Toothpaste Tooth decay Food & Drink Food decay Decomposition Plant diseases Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack
Where are they found? On our In the air In the soil bodies In and on On your other bodies animals Inside In rivers your and lakes bodies Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack
Where are they found? Everywhere! Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack
Can you find any bacteria? On you? In food? From our lab? Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack
What in your body keeps you safe from attack? Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack
What in your body keeps you safe from attack? Brain Lymph nodes Lungs Thymus Liver Heart Spleen Kidneys Bone marrow Blood Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack
Our Immune System Army Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack
Our Immune System Army Haematopoietic Stem Cell • ‘Jack of all trades’ • Found in bone marrow • Can become any immune cell Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack
Our Immune System Army Dendritic Cell • Intelligence officer • Found in every part of body • ‘Collect’ parts of pathogens and deliver to the lymph nodes to trigger T cell and B cell action Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack
Our Immune System Army Macrophage • ‘Clean - up crew’ • Dispose of cellular debris • Recognise antibodies Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack
Our Immune System Army T-cells • Helper T-cells – regulate + control • Killer T-cells – patrol the body Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack
Our Immune System Army Neutrophils • Most abundant white blood cell • Rapid response force • Recognise antibodies Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack
Our Immune System Army B-cells • Make antibodies Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack
The Immune Response Innate Immune Response Adaptive Immune Response • • Always on guard B cells, T cells, antibodies • • Epithelial barriers Become memory cells • • Macrophages, neutrophils, Immunological memory dendritic cells Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack
Antibodies + Antigens Variable region Constant region Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack
Breaking News… ‘One Infection’s Harry Sneeze taken ill’ Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack
Harry sneezed at a concert.. Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack
How can we find out who in the audience has been infected? Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack
How can we find out who in the audience has been infected? Latex Agglutination • Used in clinical laboratories • Detects infectious diseases • If patient sample contains antigens from the pathogen, ‘agglutination’ or clumping is seen Antigen on pathogen ‘Clumping’ Antibody + attached to latex bead Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack
Experimental Procedure What you need: What to do: • A patient sample 1) Place a small amount of sample in • Buffer a centrifuge tube • Pipette 2) Add a small amount of buffer • Piece of black card 3) Vortex the tube to mix • Latex agglutination beads 4) Centrifuge the sample 5) Drop a small amount of sample, positive control and negative control on the black card 6) Mix in a small amount of latex agglutination beads 7) Observe! Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack
Results – who should we treat? Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack
What have we learnt today? Pathogens Immune System Antibodies + Antigens Latex Agglutination Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack
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