Water Management : Role of Plastics S M Diwan Reliance Industries Ltd. Mumbai
………..Sambhavami Yuge Yuge
Nature Has Blessed Us With….. * Woods * Plants & Flowers * Animals * Water
….and We Have Cursed it Back With ?? * Woods ?? * Plants & Flowers ?? * Animals ??
Water .. Water ….
Global Access to Water & Sanitation % without improved water supply % without basic sanitation 18.00% 40.00% 60.00% 1.1 bn 2.4 bn 82.00% 80% of the infectious diseases are water-borne 4 persons, 480 children die every minute from diseases associated with inadequate water supply, poor sanitation and improper hygiene. Source : WHO
Water : Daily Requirement Normal basic daily requirement, per person: Drinking 5 Lit. 20 Lit. Sanitation 15 Lit. Bathing Cooking 10 Lit.
Water : Requirement Trend As the standard of living increases, so do the water demands Water consumption has increased by about 70% in last 30 years 3 Lit 4 Lit 20 Lit 48 Lit Drinking Cooking Bathing Flushing Washing Clothes Washing Utensils Gardening/Car Washing 40 Lit Mumbai City uses approximately 20 Lit 18.5 MLD of 25 Lit (treated?) water 25% of total (treated?) for washing water consumed, vehicles! goes in flushing!
Water Availability Though we have an abundant water reservoir 97% is saline water, 2.7% is locked up in polar ice and, 0.3% is available for usage This 0.3% goes through a permanent cycle of evaporation, rainfall and is the lifeblood of the planet
Global Water Usage
Projected Water Scarcity : 2025 Serious water scarcity By year 2025! Source : IWMI
India : Population & Average Rainfall Expected to stabilize at 160 croes by 2050 120 INDIA 100 80 16% of world’s population Rainfall (cm) 60 4% of world’s water resources 40 Year 2025 20 Population (Crores) Requirement Availability 0 1901 1911 1921 1931 Domestics: 73 bcm Surface: 690 bcm Rainfall (cm) 1941 1951 1961 Population (Crores) Year 1971 1981 Industrial : 110 bcm Ground: 432 bcm 1991 2001 Agri. : 910 bcm --------------------------------------------------------------- Total = 1093 bcm 1122 bcm Water management to play a key role!
Twelve Largest Agglomerations Population in millions 1980 2015 - Projected 17 % rise City Population City Population 1 Tokyo 21.9 Tokyo 26.4 2 New York 15.6 Mumbai 26.1 3 Mexico City 13.9 Lagos 23.2 From nowhere in 1980, 4 Sao Paulo 12.5 Dhaka 21.1 No. 2 in 2015. 5 Shanghai 11.7 Sao Paulo 20.4 6 Osaka 10 Karachi 19.2 7 Bueno Aires 9.9 Mexico City 19.2 8 Los Angeles 9.5 New York 17.4 9 Calcutta 9 Jakarta 17.3 10 Beijing 9 Kolkata 17.3 11 Paris 8.9 Delhi 16.8 92 % rise 12 Rio de Janerio 8.7 Metro Manila 14.8 Source : UN – DESA / UN Habitat, 2001
Water Management Three Point Agenda : Distribute Clean Water Provide Proper Sanitation Conserve Water
Water Conveyance Thru’ Pipes Man has been using pipes for water conveyance since ages, As he started settling down and increased his social life, it was necessary to divert water from natural main course to his habitats, The earliest pipes were probably made of bamboo, followed by clay, lead, bronze and wood, Reinforced concrete, asbestos cement, steel, cast iron, ductile iron, prestressed concrete have been progressively used for manufacturing pipes for various applications, These materials have served the mankind for a number of years.
Pipe Sector – Indian Market RCC Pipe AC pipe 8% 8% Metal pipe Plastics Pipe 60% 24% M arket Scenario of Pipes(in M T)* Traditional pipes dominate Indian market! * Based on 02-03 sales
Infrastructure Systems : Reliability of Services Safe drinking water delivery & Adequate waste water sanitation We need functional, reliable, and safe infrastructure for the production/ processing and delivery of goods and services, The physical status of these systems and reliability of services they provide directly reflect upon the economic development and public health standards of every community.
Condition of Traditional Systems There is a growing concern about the condition of the existing traditional systems and two major problems are : Breaks and leakages occurring at alarming rates in the pipe networks, Incrustations reducing the water carrying capacity of the pipes
Causes of Pipe Failures 60 50 % of Utilities Responding 40 30 20 10 0 Material Deterioration Weak Joints Earth Movement Settlement Freezing Cause US : Avg. 700 water mains break per day resulting in 2.2.trillion gallons water loss on annual basis; eating away $ 2.98 Billion revenue every year
Corrosion : Deteriorating Piping Systems A major contributor to pipe breaks is the action of corrosion Internal corrosion, External corrosion The capacity of the pipe does not cater to the desired the flow demands, energy cost hikes up due to increased pumping, water quality degrades and structural strength of the system decreases The increased flow velocity, as a result of reduction of cross sectional area of the pipe, leads to erosion of particles from the inner walls of pipe Neuroscientists believe that manganese, coming out of water supplies from corroded pipes, may lower serotonin in the brain, thus resulting in mood disturbances, and increase in aggressive and impulse behaviour
Corrosion Corrosion occurs not only in metallic pipes, but also in traditional pipes made using cement/concrete
Corrosion in Non Metallic Pipes Cement/concrete based pipes rely upon internal steel reinforcement to provide mechanical strength Such pipes are susceptible to corrosion when aggressive ions, such as chloride, migrate to the steel surface. The corrosion products take up more volume than original steel, causing cracking of the concrete, further accelerating corrosion Other effects include calcium dissolution and increased pH values
Unaccounted – for Water Represents loss of revenues for the water utilities and increased costs for consumers; thus a serious problem nationwide These losses increase infiltration of outside water into wastewater treatment plants Also result in cross contamination of otherwise safe potable water with sewerage discharges leaking out from nearby pipes
Effect on Water Quality Cause of water quality failure in water mains : A conceptual map Source : NRCC 47067 : Inst. For Research in Construction, Canada
Root Intrusion : A Serious Problem Intrusion of roots is a major cause of sewer blockages. Fats get trapped amongst the roots and worsen the problem. Roots of trees breaking through the damaged portions of sewer pipe.
Leaking Sewerage Pipes - 1 Fresh water, sewerage pipes continue to run parallel Second cholera case from Mauli Jagran “It was after collecting over Pratibha Chauhan Tribune News Service 500 samples between July Chandigarh, July 5 Even after official confirmation of 33 per cent faecal contamination in the drinking and October last year that water of most of the slum colonies in the city at the time of outbreak of cholera last year, the situation remains the same as no efforts have been made to distance out we came to the conclusion parallel pipes carrying sewerage and water. Meanwhile, having tested positive for cholera, a 22-year-old woman, Reeta Devi, that there was an average from Mauli Jagran village has been admitted to the communicable diseases ward at the PGI. of 33 per cent faecal Lalita Devi, a resident of Sector 25-D, has been admitted to the PGI with suspected cholera. Her stool examination report is awaited, said the Director, Health Services, contamination in the Dr C.P. Bansal. A study had been conducted by PGI’s Microbiology department to undertake drinking water, being bacteriological evaluation of drinking water being supplied to the slum colonies, urban sectors and the periphery areas. “It was after collecting over 500 samples supplied to most of the between July and October last year that we came to the conclusion that there was slum colonies,” an average of 33 per cent faecal contamination in the drinking water, being supplied to most of the slum colonies,” disclosed Prof Meera Sharma, head of Medical Microbiology department at PGI. The study conducted jointly by Prof Sharma and Dr Neelam Taneja, was sanctioned by the UT Science and Technology department to check the quality of the drinking water. With the outbreak of water and vector borne diseases like cholera and dengue becoming an annual feature, the study was conducted with the objective to assess whether the water being supplied was fit for human consumption. At the time of outbreak of cholera in Sector 52, Dadu Majra and Palsora, the then UT Administrator, Lieut Gen J.F.R. Jacob(retd) had directed the MC authorities to relay the parallel running drinking water and sewerage pipes, so that the main source of contamination could be plugged. In fact, a two-member committee comprising of MC Chief Engineer, V.K. Bhardwaj and Chandigarh Housing Board, Chief Engineer, S.K. Jain had been constituted to look into the matter. The MC, on its part had pointed out that a lot of funds would be required to relay the pipes.
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