+ Vocabulary Instruction that Supports Capacity for Increasingly Complex Texts and Tasks Elfrieda H. Hiebert TextProject, Inc www.textproject.org
Vocabulary Instruction that Supports Capacity for Increasingly Complex Texts and Tasks What’s important to know about English vocabulary I. Core vocabulary: The core of Increased Capacity II. The vocabulary of content-areas III. The vocabulary of narratives IV .
+ I. What’s important to know about English vocabulary
1. Vocabulary is fundamental to comprehending text. Even in the context of district- wide literacy reform initiatives, which raised all children’s potential for success, children’s vocabulary skills at the beginning of first grade made a critical contribution to later achievement in reading achievement. (Hemphill & Tivnan, 2008)
2. Text is where vocabularies are extended. Printed Text Rare Words per 1,000 Abstracts 128.0 Newspapers 68.3 Popular Magazines 65.7 Adult books 52.7 Comic Books 53.5 Children’s Books 30.9 Preschool Books 16.3 Television Texts Popular adult shows 22.7 Popular children’s shows 20.2 Cartoons 30.8 Mr. Rogers & Sesame Street 2.0 Adult Speech Expert eyewitness testimony 28.4 College graduates to friends 17.3 (from Hayes & Ahrens,1988)
3. Discrepancy in students’ vocabulary on school entry is huge. Hart & Risley, 2003
4. Words in English texts appear with substantially different frequencies. 100% 90% 6=135,473 80% 5=13,882 70% 4=2980 60% 3=1676 50% 2=620 40% 1=203 30% 0=107 20% 10% 0% Zeno et al., 1995
5. English/Language Arts standards operate as if each word was an island Content Area Sample Words Civics abuse of power, campaign, elected representative, geographical representation, individual liberty, Labor Day, national origin, patriotism, school board, Uncle Sam, welfare English abbreviation, capitalization, e-mail, genre, illustration, learning Language Arts log, paragraph, reading strategy, table, verb Geography billboards, discovery, fall line, harbor, Japan, land clearing, national capital, Pacific rim, rain forest, technology, vegetation region Mathematics addend, capacity, equation, gram, improbability, mass, obtuse angle, quotient, sample, unit conversion Science bedrock, Earth’s axis, gases, inherited characteristic, magnetic attraction, ocean currents, recycle, technology, water capacity From Marzano (2004)
Standard Documents Content Area Sample Words Civics abuse of power, campaign, elected representative, geographical representation, individual liberty, Labor Day, national origin, patriotism, school board, Uncle Sam, welfare English abbreviation, capitalization, e-mail, genre, illustration, learning Language Arts log, paragraph, reading strategy, table, verb Geography billboards, discovery, fall line, harbor, Japan, land clearing, national capital, Pacific rim, rain forest, technology, vegetation region Mathematics addend, capacity, equation, gram, improbability, mass, obtuse angle, quotient, sample, unit conversion Science bedrock, Earth’s axis, gases, inherited characteristic, magnetic attraction, ocean currents, recycle, technology, water capacity From Marzano (2004)
Targeted Vocabulary from 3 stories in a Mid-2nd Grade Unit of a Core Reading Program Story 1 Story 2 Story 3 apartment booth bushy disappeared delivery plaque costume bigote handcarts station disguise apron restaurant subway handsome retraced market token mirror discovered celebrations mayor mustache polish tai chi worry sarape smeared graceful halfway sword creation cobbler tile arrive sombrero solve blending favorite collection soldiers cereal medicinal swoosh tough buenos días herbal grown-up fist musty kindergartner gracias herbs grinned hola seafood sizzles crackle woks clang barely furious kung fu develop
Assessment 40 30 20 10 0 PPVT: Gr. 4 Zones 0-2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6
(from Calfee & Drum, 1981) Greek/Latin Specialized words used mostly in science EX: thermometer, geography New Words through compounding of word parts: thermosphere, geopolitical Romance 1066 (Norman Conquest)-1399 (Henry IV, a native Anglo-Saxon speaker assumes throne): French is spoken by upper classes; English by lower-classes. French loan words remain. EX: frigid, perspiration, soil New Words through derivations: frigidity, frigidness, refrigerator Anglo-Saxon Common, everyday, down-to-earth words EX: cold, sweat, dirt New Words through compounding: cold-blooded, cold-natured, cold-drink, cold-running
Greek/Latin Origins of origins School 2. Content- Vocabularies specific words [Adaptation of Romance Calfee & Drum, 3. General Academic words origins 1981] 1. Words of school tasks 4. Literary Words Anglo-Saxon origins 5. Core Words
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