Introduction Lisbon, Portugal May 2017 RIPE NCC, Amsterdam Emile Aben RIPE NCC, Amsterdam Robert Kisteleki Jacobs University, Bremen Jürgen Schönwälder SamKnows Limited, London Steffje Jacob Eravuchira Joint work with IM 2017 Conference System Tags TU Munich Vaibhav Bajpai Benefjts and Limitations of RIPE Atlas Tags Vantage Point Selection for IPv6 Measurements Takeway User Tags Who connects faster? By network By region Dual-Stacked Probes 1 / 15
Introduction User Tags System Tags Introduction | RIPE Atlas [1, 2] Takeway 2 / 15 Who connects faster? Dual-Stacked Probes By region By network ▶ A platform of hardware-based probes that run active measurements on the Internet. ▶ Plays critical role in − ▶ providing operational support to network operators. ▶ facilitating measurement-based research. ▶ ∼ 9.6K probes connected around the globe (May 2017). RIPE Atlas Probes NEVER CONNECTED 2965 13.48% 20K API STATUS NEVER CONNECTED CONNECTED 9685 44.04% CONNECTED 15K DISCONNECTED DISCONNECTED 2009 09.14% 10K ABANDONED ABANDONED 7334 33.34% REGISTERED 5K 0 REGISTERED 21993 100.0% 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Introduction Takeway 2. Network prefjxes 1. Latitudes and longitudes System Tags Introduction | RIPE Atlas Measurements 3 / 15 User Tags Who connects faster? By network Dual-Stacked Probes By region Feb ′ 13 Public APIs [3, 4, 5] to provision measurements on probes. MEASUREMENT TARGET ping , ping6 first hop, second hop (derived from tracer- oute measurements), *.root-servers.net , *.atlas.ripe.net traceroute , *.root-servers.net, *.atlas.ripe.net, traceroute6 topology4.dyndns.atlas.ripe.net, topol- ogy6.dyndns.atlas.ripe.net, labs.ripe.net dns , dns6 *.root-servers.net: TCP (SOA), UDP (SOA, version.bind, hostname.bind, id.server, version.server) sslcert , sslcert6 www.ripe.net , atlas.ripe.net http , http6 www.ripe.net/favicon.ico, ip-echo.ripe.net ▶ However, vantage point selection was based on simplistic fjlters that used −
Introduction System Tags Dual-Stacked Probes By region By network Who connects faster? User Tags Takeway Introduction | Research Question RIPE Atlas Probe Coverage (May 2017) https://atlas.ripe.net/results/maps/network-coverage 4 / 15 Jul ′ 14 Feature to add tags to probes [6]. Oct ′ 14 Feature to select probes using tags. ▶ How do we select dual-stacked vantage points at home ? Do tags help? ▶ What region − and network − based bias comes into play with this selection?
Introduction User Tags System Tags System Tags Takeway 5 / 15 Who connects faster? Dual-Stacked Probes By region By network ▶ Tags applied by RIPE Atlas based on results from built-in measurements. system-ipv4-capable 9045 system-ipv4-works 8743 system-resolves-a-correctly 8305 system-resolves-aaaa-correctly 8236 system-ipv4-rfc1918 6715 system-v3 6660 ▶ Frequently updated (every 4 hours) system-ipv6-capable 3640 system-ipv6-works 3050 system-v2 1427 ▶ Fairly stable and accurate. system-v1 767 system-ipv6-doesnt-work 501 system-ipv6-ula 433 system-resolver-mangles-case 407 system-anchor 234 system-auto-geoip-city 160 ▶ Highlights state of DNS and IP connectivity. system-doesnt-resolve-aaaa 142 system-doesnt-resolve-a 75 system-ipv4-doesnt-work 63 ▶ Helps identify hardware version of the probe. system-auto-geoip-country 47 system-flakey-connection 7 system-resolves-a-incorrectly 1 system-dns-problem-suspected 1 system-resolves-aaaa-incorrectly 1 0 3K 6K 9K 12K # (Probes)
Introduction User Tags System Tags System Tags | Load by Probe Hardware [7] Takeway 6 / 15 Who connects faster? Dual-Stacked Probes By region By network probev1 probev2 probev3 RESIDENTIAL PROBES 1 0.8 0.6 CDF Probev1 (144) 0.4 Probev2 (313) 0.2 Probev3 (963) 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 Latency to fi rst hop (ms) ▶ v3 home probes show < 1 ms hop1 latencies. ▶ v1 and v2 probes show higher hop1 latencies (experience load issues).
Introduction Takeway 1 restrictive, but fjlters out hosts that use 6in4 tunnels System Tags Dual-Stacked Probes | Evolution 7 / 15 User Tags By region By network Dual-Stacked Probes Who connects faster? ▶ ∼ 2.4K ( ∼ 25%) probes are dual-stacked (May 2017). ▶ Richest source of vantage points for IPv6 measurement studies. Connected, Non-Anchored Probes 10K 8K all 6K 4K dual-stacked TAGS API 2K 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 ▶ Criteria: 1. Probes with same 1 IPv4 and IPv6 ASN. 2. Probes with system-ipv4-works and system-ipv6-works tags.
Introduction Takeway Entire list at: http://goo.gl/UdEe1Q System Tags IPv6 user population across the globe. Dual-Stacked Probes | Country-based Distribution 8 / 15 User Tags Who connects faster? By network By region Dual-Stacked Probes Click the slices to view versions. Source: netmarketshare.com. ▶ RIPE & ARIN regions with 91% probes. IT: 1.3% IT: 1.3% IT: 1.3% ▶ 88 countries / 822 ASNs covered. SE: 1.3% SE: 1.3% SE: 1.3% DE: 21.3% DE: 21.3% DE: 21.3% GR: 1.4% GR: 1.4% GR: 1.4% FI: 1.4% FI: 1.4% FI: 1.4% DTAG 181 DE 489 AT: 1.4% AT: 1.4% AT: 1.4% US 304 COMCAST 169 NO: 1.8% NO: 1.8% NO: 1.8% PROXAD 96 FR 248 CA: 1.9% CA: 1.9% CA: 1.9% GB 161 XS4ALL 71 RU: 2.2% RU: 2.2% RU: 2.2% ORANGE 71 NL 151 CZ: 2.3% CZ: 2.3% CZ: 2.3% OTHERS: 14.9% OTHERS: 14.9% OTHERS: 14.9% BE: 2.8% BE: 2.8% BE: 2.8% CH: 3.8% CH: 3.8% CH: 3.8% NL: 6.6% NL: 6.6% NL: 6.6% ▶ Belgium 2 missing in the top 5 list! GB: 7.0% GB: 7.0% GB: 7.0% US: 13.2% US: 13.2% US: 13.2% FR: 10.8% FR: 10.8% FR: 10.8% Hig ▶ Probe deployment likely does not refmect 2 Belgium with ∼ 49% penetration leads (as of May 2017) Google IPv6 adoption statistics [8]
Introduction User Tags System Tags Dual-Stacked Probes | Underrepresented Countries Takeway 9 / 15 Who connects faster? By region By network Dual-Stacked Probes ▶ Correlation of IPv6 users against dual-stacked probes using APNIC dataset [9] IPv6 Penetration USERS PROBES 70% 60% Probes BE 57.4% 2.8% 50% Users LU 34.2% 0.6% GR 33.7% 1.4% 40% CH 34.3% 3.8% 30% PT 29.2% 0.7% 20% IN 22.0% 0.1% 10% US 33.2% 13.2% EC 18.8% 0.1% 0% DE 39.9% 21.3% 0 20 40 60 80 JP 19.8% 1.4% Country Rank ▶ JP with ∼ 22M IPv6 users ( ∼ 19% IPv6 usage ratio) hosts only ∼ 1.4% (31) probes. ▶ Tiese countries with large IPv6 userbase can benefjt from more probes.
Introduction User Tags System Tags Dual-Stacked Probes | Network Type Distribution Takeway 10 / 15 Who connects faster? By region By network Dual-Stacked Probes ▶ We further used PeeringDB [10] to map ASNs by network type. Dual-Stacked Probes 10 4 NSP 1540 83.0% ISP/NSP # (Probes) TAGS 10 3 CONTENT PROVIDERS CP 139 7.5% EDU 110 6.0% EDUCATIONAL/RESEARCH 10 2 NP 45 2.4% NON-PROFITS EP 21 1.1% ENTERPRISE 10 1 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 ▶ ∼ 83% of dual-stacked probes are hosted by ISPs. DSL 262 RESIDENTIAL CABLE 148 ▶ ∼ 60% (782 probes) deployed at home. FIBRE 179
Introduction User Tags System Tags IPv4 versus IPv6 | Who connects faster? Takeway 11 / 15 Who connects faster? By network By region Dual-Stacked Probes Anchoring Measurements # (Observations) 7M 6M 5M 4M IPv4 faster IPv6 faster 3M 2M 1M 0 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 (slow-fast)/fast ▶ ping measurements from dual-stacked probes towards 149 RIPE Atlas anchors. ▶ 5 th percentile latency comparison using month-long dataset (20M samples). ▶ Latency is comparable across AF, although IPv4 is marginally faster. ▶ Raw dataset is publicly released − http://goo.gl/dOJL5Q.
Introduction System Tags Dual-Stacked Probes By region By network Who connects faster? User Tags Takeway IPv4 versus IPv6 | Who connects faster? http://goo.gl/hbzbwD 12 / 15 ▶ We used the identifjed dual-stacked probes to create a web service. ▶ For a given website (and origin-AS), it shows which AF connects faster.
Introduction User Tags System Tags User Tags Takeway 13 / 15 Who connects faster? Dual-Stacked Probes By network By region nat 3934 home 2459 ipv4 1583 no-nat 1410 ▶ Tags manually applied by probe hosts. fibre 1061 cable 865 ipv6 843 dsl 789 native-ipv6 746 ▶ Requires proactive participation of probe hosts. office 646 datacentre 636 native-ipv4 469 ipv6-tunnel 300 core 298 multihomed 244 adsl 222 academic 202 vdsl 166 vdsl2 159 RIPE Atlas Probes isp 145 10 4 comcast 111 iwantbcp38compliancetesting 90 TAGS dtag 65 nat cable wireless-isp 64 10 3 he 60 ixp 51 home ipv6 known-ipv6-issues 48 double-nat 46 10 2 noc 44 ipv4 dsl vpn 42 upc 42 no-nat native-ipv6 6to4 39 10 1 sixxs 38 6rd 30 fibre office lte 30 ds-lite 27 10 0 free 26 known-ipv4-issues 26 4g 25 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 xs4all 24 mobile 24 hackerspace 22 twc 21 cgn 20 fios 19 orange 13 3g 12 satellite 10 freifunk 9 wimax 9 dn42 7 ▶ Popular user tags are centered around home probes. ftth 6 internet2 6 nat64 6 fttc 5 ziggo 5 0 2K 4K # (Probes)
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