USE OF BY-PRODUCTS IN CONSTRUCTION IN NIGERIA By Olonade, Kolawole - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

USE OF BY-PRODUCTS IN CONSTRUCTION IN NIGERIA By Olonade, Kolawole Adisa (PhD, Engr.) Department of Civil Engineering Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete - related Issues for the African Market” 26 th February, 2015, at White Sands Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

OUTLINE 1. NIGERIA AT A GLANCE 2. OVERVIEW OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES IN NIGERIA 3. USE OF CONVENTIONAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS IN NIGERIA 4. USE OF BY-PRODUCTS IN CONSTRUCTION 5. CHALLENGES AND PANACEA 6. CONCLUSION Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete - related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sa nds Hotel, Dar-as Salaam, Tanzania

NIGERIA AT A GLANCE • Most Populous Black Nation: 170 million; 130 persons per sq. km (2014 World Bank); • 1 Nigerian in 4 Africans (1:4) • 6 Geopolitical Zones; 36 States and a FCT • 123 Universities and Research Institutions related to Construction • Abundant Natural and Human Resources Fig 1: Geopolitical Zones in Nigeria Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete - related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sa nds Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

OVERVIEW OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES IN NIGERIA • Civil engineering projects, real estates and their maintenance. • Organised construction began in the early 1940’s. • Construction Industries:  is a multi-billion dollars business.  contributes about 3.2% of the Nation’s GDP  Grows rapidly: Growth rate of 18.08%. May meet up with China by 2020 • It is dominated by foreigners • More than 40% of Nation’s budget. Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete - related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sa nds Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

REASONS FOR RAPID GROWTH OF CONSTRUCTION IN NIGERIA • Discovery of oil about 10 years after Independence • Migration and urbanization • Rise in middle class • Societal needs for social infrastructure • Need to foster inter-state and inter-regional trade and movement. • Emergency of democracy Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete - related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sa nds Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

SOME OF CONSTRUCTION WORKS IN NIGERIA Township stadium, Jos Housing units, Bayelsa National railway revival Bridge construction, Ogun State Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete - related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sa nds Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

SOME OF CONSTRUCTION WORKS IN NIGERIA CONTD. Ado Bayero Mall, Kano Hotel & Convention Centre, Onitsha World Trade Centre, Abuja Law School, Yenegoa Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete - related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sa nds Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

USE OF CONVENTIONAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS IN NIGERIA Table 1: Construction Materials Input in Construction in million Naira ($m) Construction 2010 2011 2012 Materials Cement 154,411.70 178,458.12 231,398.41 ( 919.12 ) ( 1,062.25 ) ( 1,377.37 ) Blocks 65,801.33 61,347.73 53,266.71 ( 391.67 ) ( 365.17 ) ( 317.06 ) Steel 596,312.79 706,411.87 778,632.24 ( 3,549.48 ) ( 4,204.83 ) ( 4,634.72 ) Sand 519,012.35 651,362.34 700,294.15 ( 3,089.36 ) ( 3,877.16 ) ( 4,168.42 ) Timber 308,416.40 368,658.76 416,315.5 ( 1,835.8 1) ( 2,194.40 ) ( 2,478.07 ) Stone 194,503.86 244,647.96 94,522.12 (1,157.76 ) ( 1,456.24 ) ( 562.63 ) Granite/Gravel 192,980.67 66,153.2 311,333.3 ( 1,148.69 ) ( 393.77 ) ( 1,853.17 ) Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete - related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sa nds Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

CONCRETE AS A MAJOR MATERIAL CONSUMED Concrete = Water + Cement + Aggregate (Fine and Coarse) + Admixtures • The most widely consumed material • Steel: Concrete = 1:4 • World consumption:11 billion tonnes/year • 1 tonne for every human being on earth • Cement is essential to concrete production Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete - related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sa nds Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

CEMENT PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION: WHERE LIES NIGERIA? • Global cement demand in 2013: 3.9bmt (6.6% growth rate). • Africa represented only 5% of world cement consumption • Nigeria ranked amongst the world’s top 10 importers of cement in 2011 •Now, Nigeria’s production capacity was 29.2mmtpa in 2013 and was expected 38.2mmtpa in 2014 • It is now top 19 largest cement producing countries in the world) (Table 2) • Demand > Supply Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete - related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sa nds Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

Table 3:Major Players in Cement Production in Nigeria Company Date Present Future Ranking mmtpa mmtpa (2013) (2015) Dangote 2007 20.25 29.25 Largest Cement Producer; 27 th in the Plc World Lafarge Cement 1960 8.5 17 Second WAPCO Nig. Plc Producer Ashaka Cement Plc. 1979 0.9 3.9 Third Cement Company of 1967 0.1 0.5 Fourth Northern Nigeria Plc Total 29.75 50.65 Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete - related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sa nds Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

Fig. 1: Distribution of Cement Products in Nigeria Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete - related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sa nds Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

Cement is still Expensive in Nigeria USD178 in Nigeria USD158 other African Countries USD65 World Average • Hence, low per capita consumption Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete - related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sa nds Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

World average: 560kg South Africa: 233kg Egypt: 554kg 125 kg Fig. 2: Per Capital Consumption of Cement (kg) Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete - related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sa nds Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

AGGREGATE USED IN CONCRETE IN NIGERIA: SOURCES & CONSUMPTION Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete - related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sa nds Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

NIGERIA OFFERS THE HIGHEST GROWTH OPPORTUNITY IN CONSTRUCTION SECTOR Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete - related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sa nds Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

Figure 3: Projected Cement Consumption Growth Rate and GDP Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete - related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sa nds Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

USE OF CONVENTIONAL MATERIALS IS NOT SUSTAINABLE • Challenges of CH in concrete. (Fig.4) • Next to automobile. (Fig. 5). • Depletion of natural resources (Fig 6). • High cost of materials: Cement, Sand and Aggregate. • High energy consumption 18

USE OF BY-PRODUCTS IN CONSTRUCTION By-Products include : • Agricultural By-Products • Industrial By-Products By-Products are used as: • Pozzolan • Aggregates • Reinforcement Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete - related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sa nds Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

BENEFITS USING OF BY-PRODUCTS IN CONSTRUCTION • Improve concrete performance • Reduce cost of construction • Conserve energy • Conserve natural resources • Sustainable ‘Green’ construction • Ensuring conversion of waste to wealth • Local content development • Sustainable environment Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete - related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sa nds Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

USE OF CASSAVA PEEL ASH AS POZZOLAN 60mmtpa (c) (a) (b) (d) Figure 1: (a). Cassava production distribution (b). cassava tubers (c). Heap of cassava peels and (d). Cassava peel ash .

PERFORMANCE OF CPA IN CONCRETE • Combined Silica and Alumina > 70% (Table 4) • Suitable replacement for cement = up to 15% • Strength Activity Index > 75% (Table 5) • Delay setting times = about 60% • Limit drying shrinkage = about 10% (Figure 10) • Heat resistance up to 200 ⁰ C for 2 hours. (Salau and Olonade, 2011; Salau et al., 2012; Salau et al., 2013; Olonade et al. 2013 and Salau et al. 2014) Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete - related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sa nds Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania

USE OF STEEL SLAG AS AGGREGATE c.145 mmtpa (Akinwumi et. al, 2012). Presented at a Public Symposium on “Cement and Concrete - related Issues for the African Market” 26th February, 2015, at White Sa nds Hotel, Dar-es Salaam, Tanzania