US Magnet Materials Association The US Magnet Materials Story Past-Present-Future
What do Magnets do? � Move and direct Electrons � Provide Magnetizing & Mechanical forces � Electromagnets - need electrical current – Coil & “soft magnetic materials” – Normal copper & superconductor � Permanent Magnets – no electrical current – “Hard magnetic materials”
Permanent Magnet Types & Strength Varying Magnetic Strengths (MGO) 60 Max Energy Product (MGOe) 50 40 30 20 10 0 Ferrite Aluminum Nickel Samarium Cobalt Neodymium Iron Cobalt Boron Rare earths
DOD Applications � Inertial Guidance � Electronic Warfare � Microwave Communications (ship-shore, ground- space, space-ground) � Motors (hydraulic systems, motion control) � Generators (power for aircraft, ships) � Space (actuators, electric propulsion) � Nuclear reactors (pumps, control rod actuators)
DOD Platforms � Missiles Trident, Minuteman IV, Patriot, PAC III, Tomahawk Cruise – Missiles, JDAM’s, Hellfire missiles, Harpoon Anti-ship � Navy Aegis radar, Virginia Submarines, CVN, DDX, LCS, UUV’s, – support “all electric ship” technologies, Firefinder RADAR � Army M1A1 tanks, Bradley A3 and FIST, Paladin Howitzer, AH-64 – Apache, Striker Humvee � Air Force F-15, F-16, F-18, B-52, Joint Strike Fighter – Unmanned Aerial Vehicles –
China Dominates Magnet Materials Japan, US, European WW Total Market Size $7.5B producers close (2006)Projected $11B 2010 plants, move production NdFeB magnets 75% (22% Over ½ WW Alnico Japan) CHINA & SmCo production Rare Earth Oxide Ore production Hard ferrites 85+ % 94% (50% WW reserves) Rare Earth pure Metals nearly 100%
Magnet Sales Worldwide � Market is growing due to $7,500 automotive & more uses, US Dollars (in millions) miniaturization $5,000 � Chinese are main beneficiaries of $2,500 growth � China will $0 increase share 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 & dominance Year AlNiCo SmCo Ferrite NdFeB Data courtesy of Webmagnetics.com
Magnet Prices $/kg Worldwide � China deflates price � Artificial Chinese pricing makes US un-competitive � Export subsidies provided 250 200 � Over capacity within China US$/kg 150 � Critical Loss of Knowledge 100 base 50 � Gross Chinese Patent 0 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Infringement Year AlNiCo SmCo Ferrite NdFeB Data courtesy of Webmagnetics.com
WW Rare Earth Oxide Production � 1965-1985 US major production � 1985-1990 China enters � 1990-2000 China mines dominate � 2002 Last US mine closes Source: US Geological Survey
China Rare Earth Metals Price Manipulation China overcapacity drives out all � other producers Government sets export caps & � price minimums China established $100/ton fine for � Relative Average Selling Price violations to price minimums (14 July 2005) High risk for other producers to 350% � invest on added capacity 300% 250% Inability to purchase Nd metals � 200% reported 150% Rare earth metal buybacks from � 100% customers mandated at sub market level 50% 0% China views downstream user � implications of price increases Nov-05 Jan-05 Mar-05 May-05 Jul-05 Sep-05 Jan-06 Mar-06 May-06 Jul-06 having positive effects Neodymium metal Price History � 1989 $42/kg – La Ce Pr Nd 2003 $8/kg – 2006 $28/kg – 2007 $52/kg – 2008 $40/kg – Sources: metal-pages.com, China Rare Earth Information Center
Recent Decline of US Magnet Industry 2002 Mountain Pass, CA rare earth mine suspends operations � world’s richest rare earth reserves – only one in US – 2003 Magnequench closes plant and moves equipment to China � former GM subsidiary – 2003 VAC closes Elizabethtown, KY operations � 2004 China National Offshore Oil Corp attempts to purchase Unocal � owner of Molycorp and Mountain Pass rare earth mine – 2005 Hitachi closes its Edmore, MI production facility � acquired from GE in 1990’s –
Who survives in US Magnet Industry? Remaining US magnetic material producers: 3 Alnico magnet producers � 1 Samarium Cobalt magnet producer � 0 Neodymium Iron Boron magnet producers � 2 Grain Oriented Electrical Steel (GOES) producers � 0 Rare earth oxides or rare earth metals production � 2 non-captive Ferrite producers � If domestic magnet industry disappears, China will become a critical US defense supplier.
Who survives in US Magnet Production? Remaining US permanent magnet producers: Alnico Magnets Arnold Magnetic Technologies � Thomas & Skinner � Marengo, IL – Indianapolis, IN – 140 employees – 170 employees – Permanent Magnet Corporation � Indianapolis, IN – 50 employees – Samarium Cobalt Hard Ferrites Electron Energy Corporation, � Hoosier Magnetics, Inc. (ferrite powder) � Landisville, PA – Ogdensburg, NY – 100 employees – 50 employees – If domestic magnet industry disappears, who will develop unique materials for mission specific DOD needs AND commercialize?
Why do we need the Specialty Metals Clause? � Vietnam War – Sony withheld cameras used to guide tactical missiles � 1983 – Socialists in the Japanese Diet blocked the sale of ceramic packaging used in U.S. cruise missiles
Why do we need the Specialty Metals Clause? � 2002 – Hellfire Missile production stopped during West Coast dock strike � critical parts sourced in Japan were awaiting off-loading � 2003 – JDAM bomb production stopped during Iraq war because Swatch Group refused to ship critical part � disagreed w/ Bush Administration policy
What’s Changed Recently -- In General Terms � 2007 – Specialty metals removed from the Berry Amendment (10 U.S.C. 2533a) and codified separately at 10 U.S.C. 2533b – Clarified application to high-performance magnets � 2008 – Revised specialty metals clause � exempts COTS ( except for high-perf. magnets ) � includes a 2% de minimis rule ( except for high-perf. magnets ) � Allows market basket approach to compliance – A contractor may certify that an appropriate percentage of material is of domestic origin.
Specialty Metals: Details of Enacted Changes � 2007 Defense Authorization Bill – Exempts electronic components � whose specialty metals content is de minimis in value compared to the overall value of the lowest level electronic component produced that contains such specialty metal. – Establishes a Strategic Materials Protection Board � Shall determine need to provide a long term domestic supply of materials designated as critical to national security Results: Relief for key concerns � Small electronic components (solders, resistors, etc.) � Small hardware issues (nuts, bolts, fasteners, etc.) � Specifies application only to military systems � One time amnesty 16 November 2006 (with compliance plan)
Specialty Metals: Details of Enacted Changes � 2008 Defense Authorization Bill – Expands the electronic components relief to give complete exemption – Criticality of the domestic high-performance magnet industry to national defense noted � “The conferees note that high-performance magnets have been fully or partially excluded from some of the exceptions added by this section. The conferees intend in doing so to ensure that the Department continues to procure such magnets from domestic sources whenever possible and consistent with this section.” – Requirement that 100% of the high-performance magnets used in military specific weapon systems be procured from domestic sources.
Specialty Metals: Details of Enacted Changes � 2008 Defense Authorization Bill – Commercial-Derivative Military Articles � Weapon systems produced from a predominantly commercial platform � Manufacturers must procure a majority of their high- performance magnet material from domestic sources. – Known as a “Market Basket” � Requires a certification from the prime contractor that they procured a qualifying amount of metal from domestic high performance magnet makers. � The greater of the equivalent of 120% of the weight of magnets used in military articles or 50% of the weight of all magnets used in both commercial and military articles.
Specialty Metals: Details of Enacted Changes � 2008 Defense Authorization Bill � De Minimis exception – Allows producers a 2% margin or error in compliance with the specialty metals clause – Does not apply to high performance magnet material
Strategic Materials Provision Applicability to Permanent Magnet Materials Hard (Permanent) Magnets Soft Magnetic Materials � Three general types: � Multiple types, including: – Powdered iron – Alnico – Rare Earth – Electrical steel � SmCo – Soft Ferrites � NdFeB – Hard Ferrites
USMMA SUMMARY � US Magnet Materials Industry IS NOT DEAD � 10 U.S.C. 2553b Applies to US magnet Industry � Permanent Magnets are critical to Military Hardware and weapons systems � US Defense needs domestic advanced, specialized magnet technology capabilities for unique mission needs
“ There is oil in the Mid d le Ea st. There a re ra re ea rths in China . W e m ust ta ke full a d v a nta ge of this resource.” Deng Xiaoping, 1992
Recommend
More recommend
