Upper Air Observations b J by Japan Meteorological Agency M t l i l A Kenji Akaeda Japan Meteorological Agency JMA ’ JMA ’ s mascot “ HARERUN ” “ HARERUN ”
Weather Observations by Japan Meteorological Agency Satellite Observation Satellite Observation R d Radar Observation Ob ti S Surface Observation f Ob i AWS Network AMeDAS Wind Profiler Observation Soundings Soundings Observations Department Observations Department Japan Meteorological Agency Japan Meteorological Agency
Observations Observations to clarify ion various processes over a observat wide range of space and time scales. tion m) ght (km Upper ‐ air bservat osonde vation ellite ob Heig U Radio r obser ofiler Sate Wind pro Rada Surface observation Remote Sensing g W AMeDAS Manned Observatories Direct Measurement Horizontal resolution (km)
World Upper Air Network (Radiosonde) ○ :Sounding site(850) ○ :Sounding site(850) ● GUAN site(166) WMO Raidosonde catalog(Jan.2007)
JMA Upper-air Observation Network 31 Wind Profilers 31 Wind Profilers 31 Wind Profilers 31 Wind Profilers • JMA upper-air JMA upper air Wind Profiler Control Center Wind Profiler Control Center W a k k a n a i observation network 16 Radiosonde stations 16 Radiosonde stations consists of 31 wind consists of 31 wind R Rumoi i S a p p o r o N e m u r o profilers and 16 Muroran Obihiro rawinsonde stations. A A k k i i t t a a Miyako Sakata • Upper-wind Takada Hamada Fukui observations are made Takamatu Kumagaya Tottori Tottori Y Y o o n n a a g g o o Mito Mito W a j i m a at the interval of about T a t e n o Oita Control Center Miham (JMA Headquarters) 120km. Izuhara a F u k u o k a Katuura Kawaguchiko Hirado S h i o n o - m i s a k i Hachijojima Kumamoto Shizuoka Ichiki K a g o s h i m a Kouchi Nagoya Yakushima Owase Shimizu Nobeoka b k Naze C h i c h i j i m a Minamidaitojim a I I s s h h i i g g a a k k i i j j i i m m a a M i n a m i t o r i s h i m a Yonagunijima Wind Profiler in JMA 5
ABL (Automatic Balloon Launcher and sounding) Sounding preparation Flow of sounding that uses ABL Sounding preparation ・ Ground Check ・ Loading the Radiosonde and Balloon onto a tray ↓ The sounding program starts at the specified time Selecting tray g y ↓ S t a r t t h e A B L ・ S e l e c t t r a y ・ A A c c t t i i v v a a t t i i n n g g R R a a d d i i o o s s o o n n d d e e ・ R a d i o s o n d e s i g n a l c h e c k ↓ Balloon filling Balloon filling g ↓ Balloon release (Sounding start) Balloon release Video (calm) ↓ ↓ Sounding Video ↓ (Strong Wind) TEMP Message coding/sent ↓ Sounding stop Sounding
GPS radiosonde types witch JMA uses T ‐ Sensor T ‐ Sensor U S U ‐ Sensor GPS ‐ GPS ‐ Receiver Receiver Antenna U ‐ Sensor P ‐ Sensor Signal converter Alkaline cell Lithium cell Signal converter Si l t Telemetry antenna Telemetry antenna RS ‐ 06G GPSsonde (Meisei) RS 06G GPSsonde (Meisei) RS92 SGP GPSsonde (Vaisala) RS92 ‐ SGP GPSsonde (Vaisala) 89 × 85 × 215mm 160g 75 × 80 × 220mm 290g
Data Flow in Soundings of JMA ABL sites ABL sites SHIONOMISAKI MATSUE NAZE NAZE HACHIJYOUJIMA HACHIJYOUJIMA MINAMIDAITO JIMA WAJIMA Ishigakijima To JMA HQ ・ KUSHIRO Sounding data ・ Status data To Sites ・ Control command At CONTROLCENTER CONTROL CENTER CONTROL CENTER ・ （ JMA HQ ） Quality control of data For numerical weather ・ prediction models Remote-controlling of ABL. Global DATA DATA Telecommunication System Forecast MBL sites Made for each models Made for each models Manned launched site For weather watches DATA WEB Contents WAKKNAI SAPPORO AKITA TATENO FUKUOKA KAGOSHIMA CHICHIJIMA MINAMI Data Strage TORISIMA
Appearance of Profiler Radome Module Unit Antenna System Clutter Fence Standard type Radome type (47848 Ichiki, Kagoshima) ( , g ) (47147 Obihiro, Hokkaido) ( , ) 40 N 30 N 130 E 140 E Wind Profiler in JMA 9
Wind Measurement using Wind Profiler Wind vector (u v w) Wind vector (u, v, w) N Z V V W E E W u Doppler velocity by Doppler velocity by 2 sin S N ‐ beam V N N ‐ beam V N V V N S v 2 sin w V Doppler velocity by Doppler velocity by Z vertical beam V Z vertical beam V Z ti ti l b l b V V HEIGHT θ Doppler velocity by Doppler velocity by Doppler velocity by Doppler velocity by W ‐ beam V W W ‐ beam V W E ‐ beam V E E ‐ beam V E Doppler velocity by Doppler velocity by S ‐ beam V S S ‐ beam V S TIME Beams are emitted B itt d Wind direction and wind speed Wi d di ti d i d d V Vertical profiles of wind ti l fil f i d toward five directions. are calculated from five direction and wind speed Doppler velocities. from near the surface to nearl 5 km le els are nearly 5 km levels are obtained. Wind Profiler in JMA 10
Comparison of Rawinsonde and Wind Profiler Measurements 8 0 Correlation of u ‐ and v ‐ component y = 0 . 9 6 2 7 x + 0 . 0 4 8 4 2 R = 0 . 9 7 2 measurements for the wind profiler and the rawinsonde both located at Hachijyojima in rawinsonde, both located at Hachijyojima in 4 4 0 0 ) s / 2008. m ( R U 3 0 0 0 u-component: ] s - 4 0 / avg. -0.36m/s g m m - 4 0 0 4 0 8 0 [ U ( m / s ) S 0 －V std. 2.13m/s P 8 0 P v-component: V y = 0 . 9 7 5 7 x + 0 . 0 7 1 2 2 avg. -0.02m/s R = 0 . 9 3 4 4 0 std. 2.06m/s ) s - 3 0 / m m - 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 ( U －U [ m / s ] R P S V 0 Differences between wind profiler and rawinsonde wind component measurements a so de d co po e easu e e s (N=7514). - 4 0 - 4 0 0 4 0 8 0 Wind Profiler in JMA 11 V ( m / s ) P
Example of ground echo rejection signal strength Atmospheric Ground echo echo Upper wind Upper ind Received Atmospheric echo Doppler velocity R Remove ground echo d h strength Atmospheric echo Main Main Received signal lobe R Doppler velocity Ground echo Side lobes Side lobes Clutter fence to prevent ground echo Antenna Antenna Eliminating spectral component around zero- velocity in the Doppler velocity spectrum. Wind Profiler in JMA 12
Example of migrating-birds echo Fukui (47616) ) Height (km 19 NOV 2002 wind Time (JST) Time (JST) Wind Profiler in JMA 13
Observation Height Coverage of WINDAS Annual average: 5225m(All), 5181m(No precipitation), 7281m(Precipitation) All weather All weather Non-Precipitation Non Precipitation Precipitation Precipitation 9000 8000 7000 m-AGL) 6000 5000 Height (m 4000 3000 2000 2000 1000 0 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 2008 Wind Profiler in JMA 14
Example of the Hourly Analysis FL170 FL170 06JST 8 OCT 2009 06JST 8 OCT 2009 Typhoon 0918 FL010 FL010 FL010 Winds and vertical wind shear Stream lines Wind Profiler in JMA 15
Application to the Weather Analysis Katuura (47674) 24 NOV 2008 Katuura (47674) 24 NOV 2008 Vertical wind H H H H L Surface (21LST 24 NOV 2008) Time (JST) Katuura (47674) 24 NOV 2008 Katuura (47674) 24 NOV 2008 S/N ratio Helicity Time (JST) Time (JST) Wind Profiler in JMA 16
Comparison of Upper-Air Wind Observations WINDAS Radiosond Doppler radar e Weather condition Weather condition All weather All-weather All weather All-weather Rainy (snowy) Rainy (snowy) weather Accuracy (m/s) Accuracy (m/s) <2 2 <2 2 <2 2 3 ～ 9 30 ～ 35 Maximum height (km) 15 (depends on (depends on weather conditions) weather conditions) 1 ～ 2 Vertical resolution (km) 0.3 0.3 Horizontal spacing (km) Horizontal spacing (km) 120 120 190 190 1 1 Time between 0.17 6 or 12 0.17 observations (h) ( ) 0.3 ～ 1.3 1 ～ 2 0.3 ～ 0.5 Delay in delivery to user (h) Wind Profiler in JMA 17
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