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Upgrade Your Fiber Optic Diagnostics with Portable Ultra-High Resolution Optical Backscatter Reflectometry David Potter Luna Innovations June 2, 2020

Luna Innovations - Overview Incorporated 1990 FIBER OPTIC SENSING IPO 2006 Corporate HQ in Roanoke, VA Recent expansion Micron Optics – 2018 ▪ General Photonics – 2019 ▪ Aerospace, Automotive, Structures, Safety COMMUNICATIONS TEST Telecom, Datacom, Aerospace/Defense

Fiber Optic Adoption and Evolution 100 km Data Centers 10 km Rack-to-Rack FTTx 1 km Long Haul Metro/Lan 100 m Length Card-to-Card 10 m Backplanes Aero/Defense Chip-to- 1 m Naval/Industrial Chip 10 cm Optical Waveguides 1 cm On Chip 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Deploying and Maintaining Fiber Optic Assemblies Higher Density More Complexity Installation and Commissioning Difficult Environments and Access Costly Downtime ▪ Proper installation ▪ Splice and connector quality ▪ Total loss budget Maintenance – Identify and Locate Issues ▪ Fiber breaks ▪ Faulty connectors ▪ Pinched/bent fiber

Example: Fiber Optic Assemblies in Aviation Short lengths (< 100 m) Multiple sections ▪ Sections/links can be < 1m Restricted access to network Expensive downtime Harsh environmental conditions Test and diagnostics ▪ Single access ▪ Fast and precise identification ▪ Minimize ground time

Testing Fiber Optic Assemblies Optical Loss Test Set Cable Assembly to Test • Measure total loss (IL) Reference Reference cable cable • Access both ends of network LS 1.23 • No fault location information Light Source Optical Power Meter OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer ) Cable Assembly to Test • Single-ended access Launch cable • Locate reflections and loss along assembly OTDR Reflection • Able to map out km’s of OTD fiber optic network R • Limited spatial resolution Distance

Reflections in Optical Path Distributed Backscatter Discrete, Fresnel Reflection (Rayleigh) P i Transmitted Light P i n 1 n 2 P r Transmitted Light Reflected Light Scattering due to minute fluctuations in refractive index Reflected Rayleigh backscatter

Return Loss (RL) and Insertion Loss (IL) Typical Reflection Return Loss (RL) P t 1 P i 1 Typical RL % Light Reflected APC-APC -65 dB 0.000032% Connection PC-PC Connection -40 dB 0.01% P r 1 Open flat polish to -15 dB 3% air Return Loss (RL) = 10Log P r P i Typical Insertion Loss (IL) Insertion Loss IL = −10Log P 𝑢 Typical IL % Light Transmitted Connector Pair <0.2 dB 96% P i Fusion splice <0.05 dB 99% P r = reflected power Mechanical splice 0.3 dB 93% P t = transmitted power P i = incident power

Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR) Light pulse Connector Fiber Fiber Connector pair end Splice bend OTDR Reflectance Noise Level Distance

Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR) Event 1 Event 2 Event Dead Zone (EDZ) OTDR: Indicates minimum distance that two consecutive reflective events • 1.5 dB can be distinguished (not necessarily measured) EDZ Defined as width 1.5 dB down from reflective peak • Attenuation Dead Zone (ADZ) Indicates minimum distance after a reflection where loss • ADZ can be accurately measured Determine by distance needed for trace to return to within • 0.5 dB of backscatter level OBR: Typical minimum OTDR dead zones (best conditions): Optical Backscatter R eflectometer - Standard OTDRs: ~ 1 – 2 m (or more) - Specialty high-resolution OTDRs: ~20 – 40 cm Event resolution << 1mm

What is Optical Backscatter Reflectometry (OBR)? ✓ Ultra-high resolution ✓ No dead zones Connector Fiber Connector pair Splice end Bend OBR ✓ No launch cable ✓ Backscatter sensitivity ✓ High-precision latency measurements Reflection (dB) Connector Bad Connector Faces Splice Attenuation (dB) Noise Level <1 mm Distance Distance

Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR) Principles OFDR Principles (1 of 2) P ~ cos [ ω (t) ∆τ ] Reference source (P) detector e -i ω (t)t Signal Measurement time, “t” Reflector 1 Reflector 2 Distance, or “fringe frequency”

New Tool for Field Diagnostics and Troubleshooting OBR 6225 Por table. Rugged. Ultra-High Resolution. Highest-resolution portable reflectometer Troubleshoot and diagnose fiber optic assemblies ▪ Unmatched resolution and sensitivity ▪ Measure distributed loss and latency with high precision ▪ Portable and rugged for field maintenance usage Easy-to-use touchscreen GUI

OBR 6225 ̶ Some Specifics One or two optical channels Ultra-high spatial sampling resolution – down to 80 𝜈 m Measurement length 20 m 50 m 100 m Sampling resolution 80 𝜈 m 100 𝜈 m 200 𝜈 m Event (2-pt) resolution 160 𝜈 m 200 𝜈 m 400 𝜈 m C-band wavelength scan (centered at 1546.7 nm) Distributed RL and IL measurement, with automatic loss event detection and location Sensitivity of -129 dB Automatic self-calibration and optical alignment Water resistant and dustproof Available with IP65 and MIL-STD certifications ▪ Ethernet and USB connectivity

OBR 6225 Interface

Measuring RL and IL RL at a location is integration of reflectance Discrete reflection event over that area - Connector/gap - Bend - Break/crack Rayleigh backscatter IL (loss) measured by decrease in backscatter Rayleigh backscatter levels

Demonstration of Portable OBR MMF CABLE 1 MMF CABLE 2 Multi-mode conditioner Adapter cable OBR 6225

Demonstration of Portable OBR

Measurement Example: Short SMF Jumper Cable Pinch in fiber Bad connector OBR 6225

Measurement Example: Short SMF Jumper Cable FC/APC Connector Tight bend FC/APC Connector OBR adapter cable

Distinguishing Reflections Cap Crack at end Open of ferrule face

Distinguishing Reflections Ferrule failure Cap Open face

Using OBR to Measure Latency and Skew Measure fiber skew/latency with ultra-high accuracy and precision Latency Measurement Accuracy OBR 6225 Financial trading latency certification Measurement Accuracy Manufacturing quality control Length Latency Delay lines 20 m <1 mm < 0.005 ns Phased array radar 50 m <2 mm < 0.010 ns 100 m < 4mm < 0.020 ns

Measurement Example: Cable Skew/Latency Measurement 10 m Multi-Fiber Cable 1x4 Splitter 4 leads staggered by ~0.2 m each OBR 6225

screenshots 1x4 splitter

screenshots Fiber Lengths (m): Fiber 1 10.2438 Fiber 2 10.2494 Fiber 3 10.2358 Fiber 4 10.2457

Luna Suite of OFDR-Based Test and Measurement Instruments Optical Backscatter Reflectometers (OBRs) Component Analyzer Optical Vector Analyzer OBR 4600 Luna 6415 OVA 5000 OBR 6225 Micron-level resolution in Sampling resolution down to • Component analyzer with • Complete characterization • • portable and rugged 10 microns reflection (OBR) and of optical components package transmission measurements Polarization and phase • All-parameter analysis in • Ideal for field maintenance measurements • Fast and robust system single scan • applications optimized for production test Full-functionality for lab and • OFDR time domain optional • manufacturing applications

Summary / Q&A OBR: OTDR-like measurements ▪ Ultra-high spatial resolution (<< 1 mm) ▪ Ultra-high sensitivity Website: www.lunainc.com Email: solutions@lunainc.com Portable form factor for field and maintenance of short-haul networks Sales Support: 1.866.586.2682 David’s email: potterd@lunainc.com