Unnatural and Lexically Gradient Phonology s 1 Aleksei Nazarov 2 Ga - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Introduction Background Data Origins Synchronic implications Conclusions Unnatural and Lexically Gradient Phonology s 1 Aleksei Nazarov 2 Gaˇ sper Beguˇ 1 Harvard University begus@fas.harvard.edu 2 University of Huddersfield a.nazarov@hud.ac.uk 5 th Annual Meeting on Phonology New York University September 15-17, 2017 Gaˇ sper Beguˇ s, Aleksei Nazarov Harvard University and University of Huddersfield Unnatural and Lexically Gradient Phonology 1 / 53

Introduction Background Data Origins Synchronic implications Conclusions Gradient phonotactics Two aspects of OT widely discussed: How to represent gradient phonotactic restrictions (Frisch et al. 2004, Antilla 2008, Coetzee and Pater 2008, Wilson and Obdeyn 2009) How to represent unnatural processes (Hayes 1999, Buckley 2000, Hyman 2001, Blevins 2004, 2008, Yu 2004, Wilson 2006, Hale and Reiss 2008, Coetzee and Pretorius 2010, Becker et al. 2011, White 2013, Hayes and White 2013) No systematic treatment of the intersection: unnatural gradient phonotactics Can gradient phonotactic restrictions operate in the phonetically unnatural direction? Tarma Quechua stop voicing Gaˇ sper Beguˇ s, Aleksei Nazarov Harvard University and University of Huddersfield Unnatural and Lexically Gradient Phonology 2 / 53

Introduction Background Data Origins Synchronic implications Conclusions Naturalness A new division of naturalness Phonetic tendencies are enforced by contradicted by natural processes ✓ ✗ unmotivated processes ✗ ✗ unnatural processes ✗ ✓ Gaˇ sper Beguˇ s, Aleksei Nazarov Harvard University and University of Huddersfield Unnatural and Lexically Gradient Phonology 3 / 53

Introduction Background Data Origins Synchronic implications Conclusions Literature so far Unnatural categorical process: post-nasal devoicing, confirmed in Tswana with wug-tests (Coetzee and Pretorius 2010) Most other processes discussed are in fact unmotivated Some processes labeled as “unnatural” in Hayes and White (2013) “No [ T , D ] before stressless rounded vowels”  + COR  � − stress � + cont *   + round − strid “No [ Z ] before stressed vowel + obstruent”   + cont � + stress �� − son � * + voice  − ant Gaˇ sper Beguˇ s, Aleksei Nazarov Harvard University and University of Huddersfield Unnatural and Lexically Gradient Phonology 4 / 53

Introduction Background Data Origins Synchronic implications Conclusions Outline 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Data 4 Origins 5 Synchronic implications 6 Conclusions Gaˇ sper Beguˇ s, Aleksei Nazarov Harvard University and University of Huddersfield Unnatural and Lexically Gradient Phonology 5 / 53

Introduction Background Data Origins Synchronic implications Conclusions Tarma TQ a dialect of Quechua spoken in Tarma, Jun´ ın, Peru (Adelaar 1977, Puente Baldoceda 1977) Distribution of [ ± voice] in [DOR] and [LAB] stops Adelaar (1977): [+voice]: intervocalically, post-consonantally, but not post-nasally Gaˇ sper Beguˇ s, Aleksei Nazarov Harvard University and University of Huddersfield Unnatural and Lexically Gradient Phonology 6 / 53

Introduction Background Data Origins Synchronic implications Conclusions Data From Adelaar (1977): b, g / C ; C � = N b, g / V V p, k / elsewhere # [pirwa] R, T [rikra] N [wampu] V V [kuba] R, T [takba] Adelaar (1977) offers no further descriptions on the distribution Gaˇ sper Beguˇ s, Aleksei Nazarov Harvard University and University of Huddersfield Unnatural and Lexically Gradient Phonology 7 / 53

Introduction Background Data Origins Synchronic implications Conclusions Data From Adelaar (1977): b, g / C ; C � = N b, g / V V p, k / elsewhere # [pirwa] R, T [rikra] N [wampu] V V [ kuba ] R, T [ takba ] Adelaar (1977) offers no further descriptions on the distribution Gaˇ sper Beguˇ s, Aleksei Nazarov Harvard University and University of Huddersfield Unnatural and Lexically Gradient Phonology 7 / 53

Introduction Background Data Origins Synchronic implications Conclusions Data From Adelaar (1977): b, g / C ; C � = N b, g / V V p, k / elsewhere # [ pirwa ] R, T [ rikra ] N [ wampu ] V V [kuba] R, T [takba] Adelaar (1977) offers no further descriptions on the distribution Gaˇ sper Beguˇ s, Aleksei Nazarov Harvard University and University of Huddersfield Unnatural and Lexically Gradient Phonology 7 / 53

Introduction Background Data Origins Synchronic implications Conclusions Data Lexical, phonetic, and morphophonological analysis Unnatural gradient phonotactic restrictions Gaˇ sper Beguˇ s, Aleksei Nazarov Harvard University and University of Huddersfield Unnatural and Lexically Gradient Phonology 8 / 53

Introduction Background Data Origins Synchronic implications Conclusions Data Distribution of voicing Native vocabulary from Adelaar (1977) Counts: All tokens with [DOR] or [LAB] in TQ vocabulary (Adelaar 1977) 1199 tokens: 910 in native vocabulary, 289 in loans from Spanish Each data point was annotated for presence or absence of voicing, place of articulation of the stop (labial or velar), and position in the word Gaˇ sper Beguˇ s, Aleksei Nazarov Harvard University and University of Huddersfield Unnatural and Lexically Gradient Phonology 9 / 53

Introduction Background Data Origins Synchronic implications Conclusions Data Counts: # N V V R T voiced 7 7 99 72 68 voiceless 276 67 134 13 11 % voiced 2.5 9.5 42.5 84.7 86.1 Gaˇ sper Beguˇ s, Aleksei Nazarov Harvard University and University of Huddersfield Unnatural and Lexically Gradient Phonology 10 / 53

Introduction Background Data Origins Synchronic implications Conclusions Data Logistic regression model: Est. SE z value Pr( > | z | ) (Intercept) -0.045 0.172 -0.260 0.7952 V V vs. R 2.044 0.332 6.164 0.0000 V V vs. T 2.155 0.353 6.101 0.0000 V V vs. N -1.884 0.421 -4.478 0.0000 V V vs. # -3.437 0.407 -8.437 0.0000 velar vs. labial -0.502 0.214 -2.344 0.0191 Gaˇ sper Beguˇ s, Aleksei Nazarov Harvard University and University of Huddersfield Unnatural and Lexically Gradient Phonology 11 / 53

Introduction Background Data Origins Synchronic implications Conclusions Data 75 % voiced 50 25 0 # N V V R T Position Gaˇ sper Beguˇ s, Aleksei Nazarov Harvard University and University of Huddersfield Unnatural and Lexically Gradient Phonology 12 / 53

Introduction Background Data Origins Synchronic implications Conclusions Data 75 % voiced 50 25 0 # N V V R T Position Gaˇ sper Beguˇ s, Aleksei Nazarov Harvard University and University of Huddersfield Unnatural and Lexically Gradient Phonology 13 / 53

Introduction Background Data Origins Synchronic implications Conclusions Data 75 % voiced 50 25 0 # N V V R T Position Gaˇ sper Beguˇ s, Aleksei Nazarov Harvard University and University of Huddersfield Unnatural and Lexically Gradient Phonology 14 / 53

Introduction Background Data Origins Synchronic implications Conclusions Data Universal tendencies for [+voice] Observed significant trends in TQ T < V V V V < T T < N N < V V < T Gaˇ sper Beguˇ s, Aleksei Nazarov Harvard University and University of Huddersfield Unnatural and Lexically Gradient Phonology 15 / 53

Introduction Background Data Origins Synchronic implications Conclusions Data Another locus of unnaturalness: TT sequences 1 st member 2 nd member Labial Velar t lutbi mut g i Ù / a Ùg a > a > ma > úù úù ba úùg a k takba / > s Ù asbu úù as g i ka S bi i Sg i S x saxbi manexax- g unas l Ù ilbi Ù il g i r karba ar g u j ajba aj g a w kawbu aw g is Gaˇ sper Beguˇ s, Aleksei Nazarov Harvard University and University of Huddersfield Unnatural and Lexically Gradient Phonology 16 / 53

Introduction Background Data Origins Synchronic implications Conclusions Data Second-element stops (labial and velar) are significantly more frequently voiced (as opposed to voiceless) in clusters with a voiceless first element in TQ native vocabulary ( β = 1 . 8, z = 5.6, p < 0.0001) TT TD DT DD Count 11 68 0 0 Percent 13.9% 86.1% 0% 0% All effects thus far remain even if we add loanwords to the models Gaˇ sper Beguˇ s, Aleksei Nazarov Harvard University and University of Huddersfield Unnatural and Lexically Gradient Phonology 17 / 53

Introduction Background Data Origins Synchronic implications Conclusions Data Phonetic analysis Recordings by Willem Adelaar, analyzed in Praat (Boersma and Weenink 2015) Gaˇ sper Beguˇ s, Aleksei Nazarov Harvard University and University of Huddersfield Unnatural and Lexically Gradient Phonology 18 / 53

Introduction Background Data Origins Synchronic implications Conclusions [atbi] atbi 5000 Frequency (Hz) 0 749.5 18.81 19.04 Time (s) Gaˇ sper Beguˇ s, Aleksei Nazarov Harvard University and University of Huddersfield Unnatural and Lexically Gradient Phonology 19 / 53

Introduction Background Data Origins Synchronic implications Conclusions [akba] akba 5000 5000 Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz) 0 0 88.52 88.78 129.8 Time (s) Gaˇ sper Beguˇ s, Aleksei Nazarov Harvard University and University of Huddersfield Unnatural and Lexically Gradient Phonology 20 / 53