Phonology II: derivations, rules, phonotactics John Goldsmith LING - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Derivations Doing phonology: Korean Step 3: find the conditioning environment. [talda] [kO:Ri] ‘sweet’ ‘distance’ [O:lmana] [noRE] ‘how much’ ‘song’ [sOlhwa] [puRida] ‘legend’ ‘to use’ [pulgogi] ‘barbecued meat’ [saRam] ‘person’ [tal] [iRWm] ‘moon’ ‘name’ [sul] ‘water’ [kW:Rida] ‘to draw’ () 17 October 2011 17 / 100

Derivations Doing phonology: Korean Step 3: find the conditioning environment. [talda] [kO:Ri] ‘sweet’ ‘distance’ [O:lmana] [noRE] ‘how much’ ‘song’ [sOlhwa] [puRida] ‘legend’ ‘to use’ [pulgogi] ‘barbecued meat’ [saRam] ‘person’ [tal] [iRWm] ‘moon’ ‘name’ [sul] ‘water’ [kW:Rida] ‘to draw’ [R] only occurs before a vowel () 17 October 2011 17 / 100

Derivations Doing phonology: Korean Step 3: find the conditioning environment. [talda] [kO:Ri] ‘sweet’ ‘distance’ [O:lmana] [noRE] ‘how much’ ‘song’ [sOlhwa] [puRida] ‘legend’ ‘to use’ [pulgogi] ‘barbecued meat’ [saRam] ‘person’ [tal] [iRWm] ‘moon’ ‘name’ [sul] ‘water’ [kW:Rida] ‘to draw’ [R] only occurs before a vowel [l] occurs everywhere else () 17 October 2011 17 / 100

Derivations Doing phonology: Korean Step 4: determine the underlying representation. /l/ [R] [l] before a vowel elsewhere () 17 October 2011 18 / 100

Derivations Doing phonology: Korean Step 4: determine the underlying representation. /l/ [R] [l] before a vowel elsewhere Usually, we select one allophone as basic () 17 October 2011 18 / 100

Derivations Doing phonology: Korean Step 4: determine the underlying representation. /l/ [R] [l] before a vowel elsewhere Usually, we select one allophone as basic In most cases, this is the elsewhere variant (why?) () 17 October 2011 18 / 100

Derivations Doing phonology: Korean Step 5: write the rule, and check that it applies. /l/ → [R] / V /# sul #/ /# salam #/ UR /l/ → [R] / saRam V - [ sul ] [ saRam ] SR UR /# pulgogi #/ /# pulida #/ /l/ → [R] / puRida V - SR [ pulgogi ] [ puRida ] () 17 October 2011 19 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Outline Generative phonology 1 Palauan 2 Derivations 3 Alternations and rule ordering 4 Phonotactics and syllable structure 5 () 17 October 2011 20 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Some useful notation UR Underlying representation SR Surface representation # Word boundary σ ] σ = coda, σ [ Syllable ( = onset) A → B A becomes B... C D ...in the environment of C and D C Consonant V Vowel () 17 October 2011 21 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Alternations We’ve seen that phonemes can be realized in different ways depending on context – position in a word, other sounds they are next to, etc. () 17 October 2011 22 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Alternations We’ve seen that phonemes can be realized in different ways depending on context – position in a word, other sounds they are next to, etc. This can change the shape of words (or parts of words, called morphemes , which we’ll get to later this week) in various (predictable) ways. () 17 October 2011 22 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Alternations in English [ In ] [ Im ] [ IN ] inappropriate impossible incoherent intolerant imbalance inglorious indecent This is an example of assimilation Can target manner as well as place: [ s ] [ z ] [ @z ] rocks tabs kisses sonorants derivations churches obstruents eyes judges births cars wishes () 17 October 2011 23 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Two rules of English [p h > [sp> ej:n] ej:n] pain Spain [t h æk] [stæk] tack stack [k h æt] cat [skæt] scat   − spr glottis  − → [+ spr glottis ] / # − continuant  − voice In prose: () 17 October 2011 24 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Two rules of English [p h > [sp> ej:n] ej:n] pain Spain [t h æk] [stæk] tack stack [k h æt] cat [skæt] scat   − spr glottis  − → [+ spr glottis ] / # − continuant  − voice In prose: “Voiceless stops are aspirated in initial position” () 17 October 2011 24 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Two rules of English [p h :æd] [p h æt] pad pat [t h i:D] [t h iT] teeth (v.) teeth (n.) [slæ:b] [slæp] slab slap � + cons � → [+ long ] / V − + voice In prose: () 17 October 2011 25 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Two rules of English [p h :æd] [p h æt] pad pat [t h i:D] [t h iT] teeth (v.) teeth (n.) [slæ:b] [slæp] slab slap � + cons � → [+ long ] / V − + voice In prose: “Vowels lengthen when followed by a voiced consonant” () 17 October 2011 25 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Rule application and ordering UR /#slæp#/ /#pat#/ /#pad#/ p h æt p h æd Aspiration – p h æ:d V-length – – [p h æt] [p h æ:d] SR [slæp] Here, more than one rule can apply in the derivation () 17 October 2011 26 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Rule application and ordering UR /#slæp#/ /#pat#/ /#pad#/ p h æt p h æd Aspiration – p h æ:d V-length – – [p h æt] [p h æ:d] SR [slæp] Here, more than one rule can apply in the derivation How do rules interact with one another? () 17 October 2011 26 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Rule application and ordering UR /#slæp#/ /#pat#/ /#pad#/ p h æt p h æd Aspiration – p h æ:d V-length – – [p h æt] [p h æ:d] SR [slæp] Here, more than one rule can apply in the derivation How do rules interact with one another? Does the order in which the rules are applied matter? () 17 October 2011 26 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Rule ordering: Kpelle UR SR gloss / N -polu/ [mbolu] ‘my back’ / N -tia/ [ndia] ‘my taboo’ / N -fela/ [mvela] ‘my waged’ / N -kOO/ [NgOO] ‘my foot’ Kpelle is a Mande language spoken in Guinea and Liberia. /N/ is a [+ nasal ] segment, unspecified for place () 17 October 2011 27 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Rule ordering: Kpelle UR SR gloss / N -polu/ [mbolu] ‘my back’ / N -tia/ [ndia] ‘my taboo’ / N -fela/ [mvela] ‘my waged’ / N -kOO/ [NgOO] ‘my foot’ C → [+ voice ] / [+ nasal ] voicing assimilation: [+ nasal ] → [ α place ] / [ α place ] place assimilation: () 17 October 2011 28 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Rule ordering: Kpelle Sometimes, rules can apply in any order: UR /#N -polu #/ /#N -kOO #/ mpolu NkOO place assimilation mbolu NgOO voicing assimilation [ mbolu ] [ NgOO ] SR /#N -polu #/ /#N -kOO #/ UR N bolu N gOO voicing assimilation place assimilation mbolu NgOO [ mbolu ] [ NgOO ] SR () 17 October 2011 29 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Rule ordering: Kpelle ...but what if there were a third rule? UR SR gloss / N -polu/ [mbolu] ‘my back’ / N -tia/ [ndia] ‘my taboo’ / N -fela/ [mvela] ‘my waged’ / N -kOO/ [NOO] ‘my foot’ [ − voice ] → [+ voice ] / [+ voice ] voicing assimilation: place assimilation: [+ cons ] → [ α place ] / [ α place ] g -deletion: g → ∅ / [+ nasal ] () 17 October 2011 30 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Rule ordering: Kpelle UR /#N -polu #/ /#N -kOO #/ place assimilation mpolu NkOO g -deletion – – mbolu NgOO voicing assimilation SR [ mbolu ] [ NgOO ] NOO () 17 October 2011 31 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Rule ordering: Kpelle UR /#N -polu #/ /#N -kOO #/ g -deletion – – place assimilation mpolu NkOO mbolu NgOO voicing assimilation SR [ mbolu ] [ NgOO ] NOO () 17 October 2011 32 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Great success! /#N -polu #/ /#N -kOO #/ UR mpolu NkOO place assimilation mbolu NgOO voicing assimilation g -deletion – NOO SR [ mbolu ] NOO Hurrah! () 17 October 2011 33 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Rule ordering: Kpelle /#N -polu #/ /#N -kOO #/ UR mbolu N gOO voicing assimilation N OO g -deletion – place assimilation mpolu N OO SR [ mbolu ] ? [ nOO ] NOO () 17 October 2011 34 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Rule ordering: Polish gloss gloss sg pl sg pl klup klub1 Zwup Zwob1 ‘club’ ‘crib’ trup trup1 dom dom1 ‘corpse’ ‘house’ snop snop1 koS koSe ‘sheaf’ ‘basket’ trut trud1 ‘labor’ wuk wug1 ‘lye’ nos nos1 ‘nose’ ruk rog1 ‘horn’ vus voz1 ‘cart’ wuk wuk1 ‘bow’ lut lod1 ‘ice’ ul ule ‘beehive’ nuS noZe ‘knife’ kot kot1 ‘cat’ grus gruz1 ‘rubble’ Sum Sum1 ‘noise’ Zur Zur1 ‘soup’ dzvon dzvon1 ‘bell’ () 17 October 2011 35 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Rule ordering: Polish gloss gloss sg pl sg pl klup klub1 Zwup Zwob1 ‘club’ ‘crib’ trup trup1 dom dom1 ‘corpse’ ‘house’ snop snop1 koS koSe ‘sheaf’ ‘basket’ trut trud1 ‘labor’ wuk wug1 ‘lye’ nos nos1 ‘nose’ ruk rog1 ‘horn’ vos voz1 ‘cart’ wuk wuk1 ‘bow’ lut lod1 ‘ice’ ul ule ‘beehive’ nuS noZe ‘knife’ kot kot1 ‘cat’ grus gruz1 ‘rubble’ Sum Sum1 ‘noise’ Zur Zur1 ‘soup’ dzvon dzvon1 ‘bell’ () 17 October 2011 36 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Rule ordering: Polish sg pl gloss sg pl gloss klup klub1 Zwup Zwob1 ‘club’ ‘crib’ trup trup1 dom dom1 ‘corpse’ ‘house’ snop snop1 ‘sheaf’ koS koSe ‘basket’ trut trud1 ‘labor’ wuk wug1 ‘lye’ nos nos1 ‘nose’ ruk rog1 ‘horn’ vos voz1 ‘cart’ wuk wuk1 ‘bow’ lut lod1 ‘ice’ ul ule ‘beehive’ kot kot1 ‘cat’ nuS noZe ‘knife’ grus gruz1 ‘rubble’ Sum Sum1 ‘noise’ Zur Zur1 ‘soup’ dzvon dzvon1 ‘bell’ Final obstruents are always voiceless in the singular () 17 October 2011 37 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Rule ordering: Polish sg pl gloss sg pl gloss klup klub1 Zwup Zwob1 ‘club’ ‘crib’ trup trup1 dom dom1 ‘corpse’ ‘house’ snop snop1 ‘sheaf’ koS koSe ‘basket’ trut trud1 ‘labor’ wuk wug1 ‘lye’ nos nos1 ‘nose’ ruk rog1 ‘horn’ vos voz1 ‘cart’ wuk wuk1 ‘bow’ lut lod1 ‘ice’ ul ule ‘beehive’ kot kot1 ‘cat’ nuS noZe ‘knife’ grus gruz1 ‘rubble’ Sum Sum1 ‘noise’ Zur Zur1 ‘soup’ dzvon dzvon1 ‘bell’ Final obstruents are always voiceless in the singular Same obstruents sometimes voiceless in the plural () 17 October 2011 37 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Which rule is better? sg pl gloss sg pl gloss klup klub1 Zwup Zwob1 ‘club’ ‘crib’ trup trup1 dom dom1 ‘corpse’ ‘house’ snop snop1 koS koSe ‘sheaf’ ‘basket’ trut trud1 wuk wug1 ‘labor’ ‘lye’ nos nos1 ‘nose’ ruk rog1 ‘horn’ vos voz1 ‘cart’ wuk wuk1 ‘bow’ lut lod1 ‘ice’ ul ule ‘beehive’ nuS noZe ‘knife’ kot kot1 ‘cat’ grus gruz1 ‘rubble’ Sum Sum1 ‘noise’ Zur Zur1 ‘soup’ dzvon dzvon1 ‘bell’ [ − sonorant ] → [+ voice ] / V V [ − sonorant ] → [ − voice ] / # () 17 October 2011 38 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Which rule is better? [ − sonorant ] → [+ voice ] / V V (Targets [ − voice ] obstruents) UR /#klup + 1 #/ /#truP + 1 #/ klub 1 trup 1 voicing SR [ klub 1 ] [ trup 1 ] /#wuk + 1 #/ /#wuK + 1 #/ UR wug 1 wuk 1 voicing [ wug 1 ] [ wuk 1 ] SR All obstruents are underlyingly voiceless, but only some undergo intervocalic voicing () 17 October 2011 39 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Which rule is better? [ − sonorant ] → [ − voice ] / # (Targets [+ voice ] obstruents) UR /#klub#/ /#trup#/ devoicing klup – [ klup ] [ trup ] SR UR /#wug#/ /#wuk#/ devoicing wuk – [ wuk ] [ wuk ] SR Obstruents are underlyingly specified for voicing () 17 October 2011 40 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Which rule is better? [ − sonorant ] → [ − voice ] / # sg pl gloss sg pl gloss klup klub1 ‘club’ Zwup Zwob1 ‘crib’ trup trup1 ‘corpse’ dom dom1 ‘house’ snop snop1 ‘sheaf’ koS koSe ‘basket’ trut trud1 ‘labor’ wuk wug1 ‘lye’ nos nos1 ‘nose’ ruk rog1 ‘horn’ vus voz1 ‘cart’ wuk wuk1 ‘bow’ lut lod1 ‘ice’ ul ule ‘beehive’ nuS noZe ‘knife’ kot kot1 ‘cat’ grus gruz1 Sum Sum1 ‘rubble’ ‘noise’ Zur Zur1 dzvon dzvon1 ‘soup’ ‘bell’ ....for two reasons: () 17 October 2011 41 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Which rule is better? [ − sonorant ] → [ − voice ] / # sg pl gloss sg pl gloss klup klub1 ‘club’ Zwup Zwob1 ‘crib’ trup trup1 dom dom1 ‘corpse’ ‘house’ snop snop1 koS koSe ‘sheaf’ ‘basket’ trut trud1 wuk wug1 ‘labor’ ‘lye’ nos nos1 ruk rog1 ‘nose’ ‘horn’ vus voz1 wuk wuk1 ‘cart’ ‘bow’ lut lod1 ul ule ‘ice’ ‘beehive’ nuS noZe kot kot1 ‘knife’ ‘cat’ grus gruz1 Sum Sum1 ‘rubble’ ‘noise’ Zur Zur1 dzvon dzvon1 ‘soup’ ‘bell’ 1. The existence of non-alternating stems: why have two types of underlyingly voiceless segment? () 17 October 2011 42 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Which rule is better? [ − sonorant ] → [ − voice ] / # sg pl gloss sg pl gloss klup klub1 ‘club’ Zwup Zwob1 ‘crib’ trup trup1 dom dom1 ‘corpse’ ‘house’ snop snop1 koS koSe ‘sheaf’ ‘basket’ trut trud1 wuk wug1 ‘labor’ ‘lye’ nos nos1 ruk rog1 ‘nose’ ‘horn’ vus voz1 wuk wuk1 ‘cart’ ‘bow’ lut lod1 ul ule ‘ice’ ‘beehive’ nuS noZe kot kot1 ‘knife’ ‘cat’ grus gruz1 Sum Sum1 ‘rubble’ ‘noise’ Zur Zur1 dzvon dzvon1 ‘soup’ ‘bell’ 2. The non-existence of [+ voice ] obstruents stem-finally: why should this be an accident? () 17 October 2011 43 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering But wait a second Something else is going on here... sg pl gloss sg pl gloss klup klub1 Zwup Zwob1 ‘club’ ‘crib’ trup trup1 dom dom1 ‘corpse’ ‘house’ snop snop1 koS koSe ‘sheaf’ ‘basket’ trut trud1 wuk wug1 ‘labor’ ‘lye’ nos nos1 ruk rog1 ‘nose’ ‘horn’ vus voz1 wuk wuk1 ‘cart’ ‘bow’ lut lod1 ul ule ‘ice’ ‘beehive’ nuS noZe kot kot1 ‘knife’ ‘cat’ grus gruz1 Sum Sum1 ‘rubble’ ‘noise’ Zur Zur1 dzvon dzvon1 ‘soup’ ‘bell’ () 17 October 2011 44 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering But wait a second Something else is going on here... sg pl gloss sg pl gloss klup klub1 Zwup Zwob1 ‘club’ ‘crib’ trup trup1 dom dom1 ‘corpse’ ‘house’ snop snop1 koS koSe ‘sheaf’ ‘basket’ trut trud1 wuk wug1 ‘labor’ ‘lye’ nos nos1 ruk rog1 ‘nose’ ‘horn’ vus voz1 wuk wuk1 ‘cart’ ‘bow’ lut lod1 ul ule ‘ice’ ‘beehive’ nuS noZe kot kot1 ‘knife’ ‘cat’ grus gruz1 Sum Sum1 ‘rubble’ ‘noise’ Zur Zur1 dzvon dzvon1 ‘soup’ ‘bell’ () 17 October 2011 45 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Another problem /u/ → [ o ] / plural forms? gloss gloss sg pl sg pl klup klub1 Zwup Zwob1 ‘club’ ‘crib’ trup trup1 dom dom1 ‘corpse’ ‘house’ snop snop1 ‘sheaf’ koS koSe ‘basket’ trut trud1 ‘labor’ wuk wug1 ‘lye’ nos nos1 ‘nose’ ruk rog1 ‘horn’ vus voz1 ‘cart’ wuk wuk1 ‘bow’ lut lod1 ‘ice’ ul ule ‘beehive’ nuS noZe ‘knife’ kot kot1 ‘cat’ grus gruz1 ‘rubble’ Sum Sum1 ‘noise’ Zur Zur1 ‘soup’ dzvon dzvon1 ‘bell’ But then why Zur , Zur1 ‘soup’, ul, ule ‘beehive’? () 17 October 2011 46 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Another problem /o/ → [ u ] / singular forms? gloss gloss sg pl sg pl klup klub1 Zwup Zwob1 ‘club’ ‘crib’ trup trup1 dom dom1 ‘corpse’ ‘house’ snop snop1 koS koSe ‘sheaf’ ‘basket’ trut trud1 ‘labor’ wuk wug1 ‘lye’ nos nos1 ‘nose’ ruk rog1 ‘horn’ vus voz1 ‘cart’ wuk wuk1 ‘bow’ lut lod1 ‘ice’ ul ule ‘beehive’ nuS noZe ‘knife’ kot kot1 ‘cat’ grus gruz1 ‘rubble’ Sum Sum1 ‘noise’ Zur Zur1 ‘soup’ dzvon dzvon1 ‘bell’ But then why snop , snop1 ‘sheaf’, kot, kot1 ‘cat’? () 17 October 2011 47 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Vowel raising comes first... � + voice   − cons � + back  − → [+ high ] / #  − nasal − high /# Zwob #/ /# snop #/ UR o -raising Zwub – devoicing SR [ Zwup ] [ snop ] /# Zwob + 1 #/ /# snop + 1 #/ UR o -raising – Zwub1 devoicing [ Zwub1 ] [ snop1 ] SR () 17 October 2011 48 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering ...followed by final devoicing [ − sonorant ] → [ − voice ] / # UR /# Zwob #/ /# snop #/ Zwub o -raising – devoicing Zwup – [ Zwup ] [ snop ] SR /# Zwob + 1 #/ /# snop + 1 #/ UR Zwub1 o -raising – devoicing – – [ Zwub1 ] [ snop1 ] SR () 17 October 2011 49 / 100

Alternations and rule ordering Ordered otherwise, vowel raising wouldn’t occur: The two rules are crucially ordered in Polish: the reverse order would yield the wrong singular forms. /# Zwob #/ /# snop #/ UR Zwop devoicing – raising – – * [ Zwop ] [ snop ] SR UR /# voz #/ /# koS #/ vos devoicing – raising – – * [ vos ] [ koS ] SR () 17 October 2011 50 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure Outline Generative phonology 1 Palauan 2 Derivations 3 Alternations and rule ordering 4 Phonotactics and syllable structure 5 () 17 October 2011 51 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure Syllables Up until now we have looked mostly at processes involving segments () 17 October 2011 52 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure Syllables Up until now we have looked mostly at processes involving segments Since segments are made up of features, the processes have made reference to feature matrices () 17 October 2011 52 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure Syllables Up until now we have looked mostly at processes involving segments Since segments are made up of features, the processes have made reference to feature matrices Phonological processes can also make reference to syllable structure () 17 October 2011 52 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure Syllable structure Syllables consist of an onset , a nucleus and a coda . σ Rime Onset Nucleus Coda The nucleus and coda form the rime (or rhyme ). () 17 October 2011 53 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure Syllable structure Onsets and codas may contain a single segment... σ Onset Rime Nucleus Coda I t n () 17 October 2011 54 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure Syllable structure ...or multiple segments: σ Onset Rime Nucleus Coda ô I s p n t () 17 October 2011 55 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure Why syllables? Recall one of the fundamental things we know when we know a language: the set of not just actual but also possible words flabble prznk spronk mbil squirthy prlauiop stroimpt treh keladulance trozzit ztreet flampidator () 17 October 2011 56 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure Why syllables? Recall one of the fundamental things we know when we know a language: the set of not just actual but also possible words flabble prznk spronk mbil squirthy prlauiop stroimpt treh keladulance trozzit ztreet flampidator This set of restrictions are called phonotactics () 17 October 2011 56 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure Why syllables? Recall one of the fundamental things we know when we know a language: the set of not just actual but also possible words flabble prznk spronk mbil squirthy prlauiop stroimpt treh keladulance trozzit ztreet flampidator This set of restrictions are called phonotactics The restrictions on segment sequences in onsets may not be the same as in codas. () 17 October 2011 56 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure Language games: Pig Latin More evidence for syllables: language games pit it-pay me e-may see ee-say I i-way spit it-spay stink ink-stay stretch etch-stray sixth ixth-say () 17 October 2011 57 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure Language games: Pig Latin More evidence for syllables: language games pit it-pay me e-may see ee-say I i-way spit it-spay stink ink-stay stretch etch-stray sixth ixth-say What is happening here? () 17 October 2011 57 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure Language games: Pig Latin More evidence for syllables: language games pit it-pay me e-may see ee-say I i-way spit it-spay stink ink-stay stretch etch-stray sixth ixth-say What is happening here? The game doesn’t target the initial consonant ... () 17 October 2011 57 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure Language games: Pig Latin More evidence for syllables: language games pit it-pay me e-may see ee-say I i-way spit it-spay stink ink-stay stretch etch-stray sixth ixth-say What is happening here? The game doesn’t target the initial consonant ... ...but rather the entire onset . () 17 October 2011 57 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure Language games: Pig Latin pit it-pay me e-may see ee-say I i-way spit it-spay stink ink-stay etch-stray ixth-say stretch sixth σ σ σ R R R p i t p ay − → i t () 17 October 2011 58 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure Language games: Pig Latin pit it-pay me e-may see ee-say I i-way spit it-spay stink ink-stay etch-stray ixth-say stretch sixth σ σ σ O R O R R s p i t s p ay − → i t () 17 October 2011 59 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure Language games: Pig Latin it-pay e-may pit me see ee-say I i-way spit it-spay stink ink-stay stretch etch-stray sixth ixth-say σ σ σ O R O R R C C s t r ay − → s t r e t ch e t ch () 17 October 2011 60 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure Language games: Pig Latin pit it-pay me e-may see ee-say I i-way spit it-spay stink ink-stay etch-stray ixth-say stretch sixth σ σ σ R w ay − → I I () 17 October 2011 61 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure Syllabification Language-specific restrictions on how segments are organized ( parsed ) into syllables represent another aspect of subconscious linguistic knowledge. () 17 October 2011 62 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure Syllabification Language-specific restrictions on how segments are organized ( parsed ) into syllables represent another aspect of subconscious linguistic knowledge. How many syllables do the following words have? applaud telegraph print improvise explain () 17 October 2011 62 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure Syllabification Language-specific restrictions on how segments are organized ( parsed ) into syllables represent another aspect of subconscious linguistic knowledge. How many syllables do the following words have? [@.plOd] applaud [tE.l@.gôæf] telegraph [pôInt] print [Im.pô@.vaIz] improvise explain [Ek.splen] () 17 October 2011 63 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure Syllabification Generally speaking, segments can’t just combine willy-nilly in the various positions () 17 October 2011 64 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure Syllabification Generally speaking, segments can’t just combine willy-nilly in the various positions Languages tend to arrange segments within syllables in such a way so that the least sonorous sounds are at the margins, and the most sonorous (often, but not always, a vowel) are in the middle (nucleus). () 17 October 2011 64 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure The sonority hierarchy x x x x x x x x x x > > > vowels liquids nasals obstruents () 17 October 2011 65 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure The sonority hierarchy x x x x x x x [f] [2] [n] ‘fun’ () 17 October 2011 66 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure The sonority hierarchy x x x x x x x x x x x [f] [ô] [E] [n] [d] ‘friend’ () 17 October 2011 67 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure The sonority hierarchy x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x [p h ] [ô] [@] [t h ] [E] [n] [d] [I] [N] ‘pretending’ () 17 October 2011 68 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure The sonority hierarchy This explains why words like film are one syllable... x x x x x x x x x x [f] [I] [l] [m] ‘film’ () 17 October 2011 69 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure The sonority hierarchy but hypothetical fiml would be two: x x x x x x x x x x [f] [I] [m] [l] (cf. pummel, drivel ) () 17 October 2011 70 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure Sonority: nuclei In a form like pummel , the consonant serves as the sonority peak in the second syllable () 17 October 2011 71 / 100

Phonotactics and syllable structure Sonority: nuclei In a form like pummel , the consonant serves as the sonority peak in the second syllable English allows nasals and liquids to serve as syllabic nuclei, at least in unstressed syllables: [pôIzm] [hIdn "] prism hidden [bARm " ] [b2dn " ] bottom button [h> [bARl "] ajô "] bottle higher [lIRl "] [b2Rô "] little butter () 17 October 2011 71 / 100