Some bursts show an “isotropic equivalent” energy of >10 54 ergs. This is more than a solar rest mass -> The emission must be beamed Relativistic Jets Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Internal External Shocks Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Internal External Shocks Inner Relativistic Engine Outflow 10 6 cm Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Internal External Shocks Inner Relativistic Engine Outflow 10 6 cm Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Internal External Shocks γ -rays Inner Relativistic Internal Engine Outflow Shocks 10 6 cm 10 13 -10 15 cm Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Internal External Shocks γ -rays Inner Relativistic Internal Engine Outflow Shocks 10 6 cm 10 13 -10 15 cm Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Internal External Shocks γ -rays Inner Relativistic Internal Engine Outflow Shocks 10 6 cm 10 13 -10 15 cm Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Internal External Shocks Afterglow γ -rays Inner Relativistic Internal External Engine Outflow Shocks Shock 10 16 -10 18 cm 10 6 cm 10 13 -10 15 cm Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Short lived accretion disk Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Duration ~30 sec – accretion time scale. Variability ≤ 0.1 sec – fluctuation time scale. Tuesday, February 7, 2012
BUT - Numerous open questions Tuesday, February 7, 2012
How is the jet generated? Afterglow γ -rays Inner Relativistic Internal External Engine Outflow Shocks Shock 10 16 -10 18 cm 10 6 cm 10 13 -10 15 cm Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Blandford Znajek? Uchida + 2001 Rezolla+ 2011 Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Jet Composition? Baryonic e p e p p e Inner Relativistic Engine Wind Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Jet Composition? or Poynting Flux ~10 16 G Inner Relativistic Engine Wind Tuesday, February 7, 2012
What is the emission process? Afterglow γ -rays Inner Relativistic Internal External Engine Outflow Shocks Shock 10 16 -10 18 cm 10 6 cm 10 13 -10 15 cm Tuesday, February 7, 2012
The Collapsar Model (MacFadyen & Woosley 1998) Tuesday, February 7, 2012
The Collapsar Model (MacFadyen & Woosley 1998) Tuesday, February 7, 2012
The Jet drills a hole in the star Model Zhang, Woosley & MacFadyen 2004 Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Jet Simulations ( Obergaulinger, Piran + 11) Opening angle of 15 o degrees at 2000 km into a star of 15 solar masses and solar metallicity. Constant energy injection rate, 5 * 10 50 erg /s, through the entire run of the model. Lorentz factor at injection 7 Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Jet Simulations ( Obergaulinger, Piran + 11) Opening angle of 15 o degrees at 2000 km into a star of 15 solar masses and solar metallicity. Constant energy injection rate, 5 * 10 50 erg /s, through the entire run of the model. Lorentz factor at injection 7 Tuesday, February 7, 2012
ll GRBs T B 98bw Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Low luminosity GRBs - ll GRBs don’ t arise from Collapsars ll GRBs T B 98bw Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Low Luminosity GRBs - ll GRBs Bromberg Nakar, TP, 11 ApJL 2011 counts • Low luminosity GRBs: • E iso ~10 48 -10 49 ergs • Smooth single peaked light curve. time • Soft Emission (E peak <150 keV) • Much more numerous than SN Ib/c Rate regular long GRBs! llGRBs • ll GRBs dont have enoug Short power to penetrate the star Long Wanderman & Piran Energy Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Jet Simulations - A Failed Jet (Obergaulinger, Piran + 11) Opening angle of 15 o degrees at 2000 km into a star of 15 solar masses and solar metallicity. Constant energy injection rate, 5 * 10 50 erg/s, for 2 seconds. Tuesday, February 7, 2012
What makes a ll GRBs? Tuesday, February 7, 2012
What makes a ll GRBs? A weak jet that fails to break out (“ a failed GRB ”). Tuesday, February 7, 2012
What makes a ll GRBs? A weak jet that fails to break out (“ a failed GRB ”). We observe the shock breakout form the stellar envelope (Colgate, 1967; Katz, Budnik, Waxman, 2010; Nakar & Sari, 2011) Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Three types of GRBs Collapsars - collapse of a massive star - generation of a jet that penetrates the envlope and produces γ- rays at a large distance Mergers - mergers of two neutron stars produce short GRBs low luminosity GRBs - produced by a shock breakout from a supernova. Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Why ? A Tool Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Standard Candles for cosmological parameters? But GRBs are NOT standard candles* ★ The GRBs’Philips relation was not discovered yet (see however Amadi relations and Yonetoko relations). Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Measure the Cosmic Star fromation rate? GRBs (Wanderman & TP 10) SFR (Bouwens+10) Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Laboratory for Extreme Conditions near Black Holes Extreme gravitational fields Huge magnetic fields Ultra-relativistic shocks F . Mirabel Super Eddington accretion Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Laboratory for Extreme Conditions near Black Holes Extreme gravitational fields Huge magnetic fields Ultra-relativistic shocks F . Mirabel Super Eddington accretion Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Gravitational Radiation from Jet Acceleration Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Gravitational Radiation from Jet Acceleration Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Gravitational Radiation from Jet Acceleration Nakamura minijet model Tuesday, February 7, 2012
GRBs are good for many things: Tuesday, February 7, 2012
GRBs are good for many things: Determining the high redshift history of the universe ? Tuesday, February 7, 2012
GRBs are good for many things: Determining the high redshift history of the universe ? Tuesday, February 7, 2012
GRBs are good for many things: Determining the high redshift history of the universe ? Tuesday, February 7, 2012
GRBs are good for many things: Determining the high redshift history of the universe ? Tuesday, February 7, 2012
GRBs are good for many things: Determining the high redshift history of the universe ? Source of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays? Tuesday, February 7, 2012
bad GRBs are good for many things: Determining the high redshift history of the universe ? Source of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays? Destroy Life on Earth (mass extinction) ?? Tuesday, February 7, 2012
GRBs are good for many things: Determining the high redshift history of the universe ? Source of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays? Destroy Life on Earth (mass extinction) ?? Creat Life on Earth (trigger planet formation)? Tuesday, February 7, 2012
GRBs are good for many things: Determining the high redshift history of the universe ? Source of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays? Destroy Life on Earth (mass extinction) ?? Creat Life on Earth (trigger planet formation)? Measuring quantum gravity effects Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Lorentz Invariance Violation and GRB (Amelino- Camelia et al., 1998) γ 1 γ 2 Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Lorentz Invariance Violation and GRB (Amelino- Camelia et al., 1998) γ 1 γ 2 Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Fermi’s observations of GRB090510 dt 35MeV-31GeV < 0.1 sec ⇒ ξ (1) > 1.2 ⇒ E (1)LiV > 1.4 10 19 GeV Tuesday, February 7, 2012
Δ t (sec) 10 6 ξ (2) =10 -12 GRB neutrinos ξ (1) =0.01 1000 ξ (1) =1 ξ (2) =10 -7 1 High GRB ξ (2) =10 -2 Energy photons 0.001 GRB photons GRB 090510 10 -6 10 18 E/eV 10 6 10 16 10 14 10 8 10 12 10 10 ξ (1,2) = E LiV /M pl Tuesday, February 7, 2012
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