travel experiences 4.5 Billion Air Journeys a Year 2 Before and - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

COVID – Reshaping our travel experiences

4.5 Billion Air Journeys a Year 2

Before and After COVID 3  March 2020  April 2020

Flying while sick 4  Will traveling make you sick?  Is it in the aircraft, the airport, or you?  What can you do to stay healthy?

Aircraft 5  HEPA filters – Protective Factor  Entire volume exchanged every 2 -3 minutes  99.9% efficiency in removal of most biological contaminants  Air circulating within rows not across aircraft  Sit in empty rows  Household members in same row  No inflight COVID transmissions currently reported

Airport 6  Social Distancing is Very Important!  Passengers may be infected before or after a flight  Transportation to/from the airport (Taxi, Subway, Bus, Train)  Airport check-in lines  Waiting areas/concessions  Restroom  Aircraft jet way

You, Personal Responsibility 7  Wash hands – A LOT!  TSA now allows 12oz of hand sanitizer in carry-on + wet wipes  Good coughing habits  Wear masks  Limits face touching  Limits droplet dispersion

NEW NORMAL 8 *GOOD HAND HYGIENE* DO NOT TRAVEL WHILE ILL SOCIAL DISTANCING WEAR A MASK

Disclaimers 9  This research was sponsored in part by a grant from the Transportation Research Board, Federal Aviation Administration  The opinions, interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the author and are not necessarily endorsed by the Department of Defense, the Federal Aviation Administration, or George Mason University.

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Case Study: 2003 SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) 12  Guangdong, China  Nov 2002; index cases  Mar 2003; first alerts  120 days  Totals  10,000+ cases  800+ deaths  37 countries

Case Study: 2003 SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) 13  Public Health Response and Interventions  No Travel Restrictions by WHO  Saudi Arabia banned travel from China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, Vietnam, or Canada  Reduction in East Asia travel by 41%  Entry and Exit Procedures  Health Alert Notices and Temperature Screenings  Canada, China, Hong Kong: 35 million screened  Zero cases of SARS identified  Quarantine  Flexible and voluntary  Canada: Possibly averted 13,000 infections  Communication  Press conferences, public health measures, educational materials  China: reduction in time from symptoms to hospitalization  Singapore: no further transmissions from imported cases

Case Study: 2009 H1N1 (Influenza A) 14  Mexico & US  Apr 2009; first reports  June 2010; pandemic declared  50 days  Total: 200 million cases  US: 61 million, 12K deaths

Case Study: 2009 H1N1 (Influenza A) 15  Public Health Response and Interventions  No Travel Restrictions by WHO  Recommendations against non-essential travel to Mexico  Reduction in Mexico travel by 6%  Entry and Exit Procedures  Health Questionnaires and Temperature Screenings  Singapore: Detected approximately 12% of cases  Quarantine  Social distancing and voluntary quarantines  Mexico: Closure of schools; discouraged public gatherings  Communication  Press conferences, public health measures, educational materials  CDC website: over 219 million views

Case Study: 2014 Ebola (Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever) 16  Guinea  Dec 2013; initial cases  Apr 2014; migrated  End of 2015  27,000+ cases  11,000+ deaths

Case Study: 2014 Ebola (Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever) 17  Public Health Response and Interventions  No Travel Restrictions by WHO  Countries banned travel from Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Guinea  Reduction in West Africa travel by 67%  Entry and Exit Procedures  Questionnaire and temperature screenings in Sept 2014  No cases identified  Quarantine  Quarantine for health care and military workers  No cases averted  Communication  Challenges in West Africa due to cultural barriers  Radio in West Africa; CDC website: over 59 million hits

Role of the Aircraft – Incubator SARS, H1N1, Ebola 18  H1N1  Many documented and undocumented cases of in-flight transmission  Mexico to New Zealand: 4 in “Close Contact”  China Tour Group: Index case infected those who talked to her and one “Close Contact” passenger  200 million people world-wide  US: Suffered 61 million cases and over 12,000 deaths  Ebola  No in-flight transmission cases

Role of the Aircraft – Vector Other Cases 19  30 Years of Influenza Data  “Only need to take air transportation into account”  Domestic air travel volume predicts rate of influenza spread  International air travel affects timing of influenza mortality  Peak of influenza later in year when international travel is down especially in September  Example: 9/11 World Trade Center attacks  10% drop in air travel = Delay in influenza season by 2 weeks

Travel Policies - Efficacy 20  Travel Restrictions  If 99% of all travel could be stopped, epidemics in most cities would be delayed by no more than 4 months  No Travel Restrictions in SARS, H1N1, Ebola  Travel alerts to many of the affected cities  Entry and Exit Procedures  Unlikely to detect more than 10% of passengers  Best temperature screenings miss up to 20% of fever  No cases found in SARS/Ebola: millions screened  Many found in H1N1 / Questionnaires found that individuals still chose to travel  Deterrent value

Travel Policies - Efficacy 21  Quarantine  Hard to justify, difficult to implement, significant costs  Evident suggests that quarantining has not substantially delayed virus introduction  Failed attempts in tuberculosis and Ebola cases  Communication  Essential in any travel policy – Foundation of implementations  Social media becoming the norm in modern era  Communication policies will improve compliance and reduce panic