UNDERSTANDING MATERIAL INTERACTION AND TRANSPORT, THE WAY FORWARD FOR IMPROVED HEALTH A SEMINAR PRESENTATION By Dr Ohene Boansi Apea (oboansi@uds.edu.gh) SPONSORS: At the maiden seminar series organized by IMGA-Ghana on Navrongo Campus, University for Development Studies
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At what price??
Human activity is transforming nearly all of Earth’s natural systems ! 15 December 2015 5
HUMAN WELL-BEING IS DEPENDENT ON ECOSYSTEM SERVICES WELL-BEING CONSTITUENTS Security Personal safety, Secure resource access, Security ECOSYSTEM SERVICES from disasters Provisioning Services Food Freshwater, Wood and fiber, Basic material for good life Fuel, Clean Air, Medicines Adequate livelihoods, Sufficient nutritious food, Shelter, Access to goods Regulating Services Climate regulation, Flood regulation, Health Disease regulation, Water purification Strength, Feeling well, Access to clean air and water Cultural Services Aesthetic, Cultural, Recreational, Good social relations Spiritual Social cohesion, Mutual respect, Ability to help others Supporting Services Nutrient cycling, Primary production, Freedom of choice and action Soil formation Opportunity to be able to achieve what an 15 December 2015 6 individual values doing and being
OUR WAY OF LIFE AND MANNER OF SEEKING FOR A BETTER LIFE INDICATES THAT WE ARE BEING SELFISH AND INCONSIDERATE ! 15 December 2015 7
• the most important relationships incompletely characterized • there are significant linkages between the structure and function of natural systems and a variety of human health outcomes 15 December 2015 8
There is compelling evidence that changes that alter human – wild-life interactions played the central role in initial out- breaks of HIV and Ebola virus, as well as several lesser-known zoonoses 15 December 2015 9
This suite of findings has led to the proposal of a general principle of disease ecology — the “dilution effect”— whereby a greater diversity of intermediate hosts can dilute the pool of hosts that amplify transmission, resulting in decreased exposure to vector-borne disease. 15 December 2015 10
Limitations of Current Literature • Much of the existing research on the human health impacts of alterations in natural systems focuses narrowly on a single health outcome — a particular infectious disease. • A related challenge is the need to evaluate the health consequences of the complex interplay of multiple contemporaneous environmental changes. • We have inadequately explored how human adaptations to ecosystem change may mediate the resulting health impacts. 15 December 2015 11
What do we do? Respond Build Fill the Address to specific production gaps limitations policy functions needs The solution is, ‘directed - interdisciplinary research’ 15 December 2015 12
Healt lth im impact of ecosystem alt lteration: Material dis istribution An approach adopted by an applied chemist 15 December 2015 13
Ecosystem-altering agents Chemically/biologi Natural/human Inert materials and cally modifiable activities or events substances materials and substances Ecosystem Atmospheric Aquatic Terrestrial Available Toxic Chemical form (Complex processes: Geochemical, Biological and Chemical) Non-toxic FACTORS Unavailable Transport/Mobility Health 15 December 2015 14
Materials/substances Chemical process Geochemical process Biological process Degradation Aquatic Terrestrial Distribution Atmospheric FACTORS: • pH • Moisture Ecosystem services • Humidity • Temperature • Etc. Human health/ Humans well-being 15 December 2015 15
Modeling metal distribution in an ecosystem • Chemical modeling • Computer programming • Statistical modeling • Spatial analysis • Chemical analysis 15 December 2015 16
Idealized model Solution phase Solid phase 17
Il Illu lustration of id idealized mechanis ism of io ion adsorption Type A ternary complex Type A ternary complex Type B ternary complex M M Diffuse ion swarm M L M M M L Non-Specifically adsorbed L ag M L ag L a M M L a M Specifically adsorbed ML ag L ag L ag ML ag Adsorbent Low pH pH 5.5 High pH
Semi-natural Ecosystem Factors Speciation Distribution Climate Physicochemical properties Physicochemical properties of of pore water Soil mineral properties pore water Soil characteristics Humic substances: Humic substances complexation phase separation Misc. factors: temperature dissolved ions 19
Speciation Model 𝑇𝑞𝑓𝑑𝑗𝑏𝑢𝑗𝑝𝑜 = 0.5639 𝑔 𝑑𝑚𝑗𝑛𝑏𝑢𝑓 + 0.2482𝑔 𝑡𝑝𝑚 + 0.1306𝑔 𝐼𝑇 ………..1 M water = 0.86626 f climate +0.03699 f sol -0.26729 f HS ………..2 M exchangeable = -0.05043 f climate + 0.99638 f sol + 0.04738 f HS ………..3 M carbonate = 0.97122 f climate +0.02067 f sol -0.08150 f HS ………..4 M oxide = -0.03589 f climate + 0.99623 f sol + 0.05676 f HS ………..5 M Si = 0.92976 f climate -0.14396 f sol -0.18975 f HS ………..6 MHS = -0.19142 f climate + 0.07893 f sol + 0.95628 f HS 20
Distribution Model 𝐿 𝐸𝑁 = 0.5065 𝑔 𝑇𝑃𝑀𝑞𝑠𝑝𝑞 + 0.2344𝑔 𝐼𝑇𝑞𝑠𝑝𝑞 + 0.1705𝑔 𝑇𝑃𝑀𝐽𝐸𝑦𝑢𝑗𝑑 eigenvalue > 1 and correlation coefficient > 0.8 𝐿 𝐸𝑁 = 0.5065 𝑔 𝑇𝑃𝑀𝑞𝑠𝑝𝑞 + 0.2344𝑔 𝐼𝑇𝑞𝑠𝑝𝑞 + 0.1705𝑔 𝑇𝑃𝑀𝐽𝐸𝑦𝑢𝑗𝑑 + 0.0684𝑔 𝐼𝑇𝑑𝑞𝑚𝑦 eigenvalue > 0.5 and correlation coefficient > 0.8 21
Suitability of Adopted Models pH Model Statistics* 3.72 4.7 6.85 10 Model 1 Cor 0.8621 0.9948 0.9936 0.9979 R 2 74.3204 98.9682 98.7290 99.5852 1 1 𝑅 𝑁𝑀 ∝ 𝐿 𝐸𝑁 CL 90 99 99 99 Model 2 Cor 0.69988 0.724058 0.761976 0.903564 R 2 𝑅 𝑀 ∝ 𝐿 𝐸𝑁 48.9829 52.4256 58.0607 81.6429 CL 90 90 90 95 Model 3 Cor 0.7032 0.840473 0.828517 0.945843 R 2 𝐿 𝐸𝑀 ∝ 𝐿 𝐸𝑁 49.4489 70.6395 78.9463 89.462 CL 90 90 95 95 22
Metal availability in a terrestrial environment Readily available (Rav): 𝑆 𝑏𝑤 = 𝑁 𝑥𝑏𝑢𝑓𝑠 = 𝑁𝐺𝐵 𝑡𝑝𝑚𝑣𝑢𝑗𝑝𝑜 + 𝑁𝐼𝐵 𝑡𝑝𝑚𝑣𝑢𝑗𝑝𝑜 + 𝑁𝑀 𝑗𝑜𝑝𝑠𝑏𝑜𝑗𝑑,𝑡𝑝𝑚𝑣𝑢𝑗𝑝𝑜 + 𝑁 + Potentially available (Pav): 𝑄 𝑏𝑤 = 𝑁 𝑓𝑦 + 𝑁𝐺𝐵 𝑡𝑝𝑚𝑗𝑒 + 𝑁𝐼𝐵 𝑡𝑝𝑚𝑗𝑒 = 𝑁 𝑓𝑦 + 𝑁 𝑝𝑠 − 𝑁𝐺𝐵 𝑡𝑝𝑚𝑣𝑢𝑗𝑝𝑜 + 𝑁𝐼𝐵 𝑡𝑝𝑚𝑣𝑢𝑗𝑝𝑜 Unavailable (Uav): 𝑉 𝑏𝑤 = 𝑁 𝑝𝑦 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑏𝑠𝑐 + 𝑁 𝑛𝑗𝑜 = 𝑁 𝑢𝑝𝑢𝑏𝑚 − 𝑆 𝑏𝑤 + 𝑄 𝑏𝑤 15 December 2015 23
Extent of available forms (%) Ecosystem Metal R av P av U av Cu 14.754 17.457 Co 21.168 15.227 Accra Ni 2.578 49.417 Pb 2.644 4.525 Zn 15.562 44.913 15 December 2015 24
Cu Co Relationship between R av av (g (grid) and Organic matter (contour) Ni Pb Zn 15 December 2015 25
What does this tell us? • Good model • Applicable for assessment of the potential for metals to enter into biota • Applicable for chemically degradable materials, products of geochemical processes, and the chemical products of biodegradation • Accounting for mobile forms of trace metals • Applicable for environmental impact assessment 15 December 2015 26
Understanding material distribution and transport is thus crucial for improved health and will require all hands on deck! 15 December 2015 27
There are still gaps ! ! Wit ith you we can do more !! !! 15 December 2015 28
A more systematic and comprehensive approach to understanding the health im impacts of ecosystem alt lteration is is required 15 December 2015 29
Sugg ggestions for the way forw rward • Unification of research efforts • Data pool with an attendant data assessment protocol • Interdisciplinary approach to filing the gap • Cooperation amongst governments or better still an international project focused on ecosystem and environmental sustainability research, policy-making and implementation procedures. • Effective linkage between academia and governance especially in African, Middle East and Asian countries. • Massive education by governments and NGOs on environmental sustainability. • Research funding from governments as a policy, and organizations. 15 December 2015 30
Conclusion We can continue to enjoy the services of the ecosystem, only when our plans, actions, and policies are based on the fundamental knowledge of material interactions, distribution and transport within the ecosystems. The modus operandi is, concerted effort and collaboration!! 15 December 2015 31
LETS WORK TOGETHER TO SUSTAIN OUR ECOSYSTEM 15 December 2015 32
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