Translation Translation The Making of the Language The Making of the Language Versions of the Biblical Writings Versions of the Biblical Writings
Some Great Biblical Some Great Biblical Verses Verses •`rs" `rs")x.a, al{å y[ )x.a, al{å y[iªro iªro÷ ÷ hw"ïhy hw"ïhy> > • ou[ [twj ga twj ga.r .r hvga hvga, ,phsen phsen o` o` qeo qeo.j to.n .j to.n ou ko, ,smon smon( w[ ( w[ste ste to.n to.n ui`o ui`o.n to.n .n to.n ko monogenh/ e; e;dwken dwken( i[ ( i[na na pa/j o` pa/j o` monogenh/ pisteu, ,wn eivj auvto wn eivj auvto.n .n mh mh. . pisteu avpo, ,lhtai avllV lhtai avllV e; e;ch ch| | zwh zwh.n .n avpo aivw, ,nionÅ nionÅ aivw
Some Great Biblical Some Great Biblical Verses Verses `rs")x.a, al{å y[ )x.a, al{å y[iªro iªro÷ ÷ hw"ïhy hw"ïhy `rs" The LORD is my shepherd, I The LORD is my shepherd, I shall not be in want. shall not be in want. Psalm 23:1 Psalm 23:1
Some Great Biblical Some Great Biblical Verses Verses ou[ [twj ga twj ga.r .r hvga hvga, ,phsen phsen o` o` qeo qeo.j to.n .j to.n ou ko, ,smon smon( w[ ( w[ste ste to.n to.n ui`o ui`o.n to.n .n to.n ko monogenh/ e; e;dwken dwken( i[ ( i[na na pa/j o` pa/j o` monogenh/ pisteu, ,wn eivj auvto wn eivj auvto.n .n mh mh. . pisteu avpo, ,lhtai avllV lhtai avllV e; e;ch ch| | zwh zwh.n .n avpo aivw, ,nionÅ nionÅ aivw For God so loved the world that he gave his For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. him shall not perish but have eternal life.
The Biblical The Biblical Languages Languages Hebrew Hebrew – – almost the entire almost the entire Old Testament Old Testament Aramaic Aramaic – – portions of Daniel portions of Daniel and Ezra and Ezra Greek Greek – – the entire New the entire New Testament Testament
Key Questions Key Questions How did Bible translation begin? How did Bible translation begin? How does Bible translation How does Bible translation work? work? Can I trust my English Can I trust my English translations? translations? Which translations should I use? Which translations should I use?
A Brief History of Bible A Brief History of Bible Translation Translation
Some Early Bible Some Early Bible Translations Translations • The Septuagint (LXX) The Septuagint (LXX) • • Aramaic Aramaic targums targums • • Syriac, including the Syriac, including the • Peshitta Peshitta • Coptic Coptic • • Latin, including the Latin, including the • Vulgate Vulgate
A Major Change for A Major Change for the Worse the Worse • Changes produced by Latin and Changes produced by Latin and • Islam Islam • In the East missions began to In the East missions began to • cease, while in the West Latin cease, while in the West Latin became the only allowed version became the only allowed version • A few translations were made A few translations were made • (Wycliffe) but these were (Wycliffe) but these were generally opposed by the Church generally opposed by the Church • Greek and Hebrew were virtually Greek and Hebrew were virtually • lost to the Church in the West lost to the Church in the West
The Rebirth of Bible The Rebirth of Bible Translation Translation • Constantinople and the Constantinople and the • Renaissance Renaissance • The printing press The printing press • • The Reformation and The Reformation and • Bible translation Bible translation
The Modern Explosion The Modern Explosion in Bible Translation in Bible Translation • Luther and the Luther and the • Reformation Reformation • Wycliffe Bible Translators Wycliffe Bible Translators • and current Bible and current Bible translation agencies translation agencies
How Bible Translation How Bible Translation Works Works
Important Steps In Important Steps In Translation Translation • Which books will be • Which books will be translated? (Canonization) translated? (Canonization) • Which manuscripts will be • Which manuscripts will be consulted? (Textual criticism) consulted? (Textual criticism) • What theory of translation will • What theory of translation will be followed? be followed?
Which Books Will be Which Books Will be Translated? Translated?
Which Books Will Be Which Books Will Be Translated? Translated? • Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox versions Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox versions • will contain the Deutero-canonical Deutero-canonical books books will contain the • Protestant versions will usually not include the Protestant versions will usually not include the • Deutero-canonical books books Deutero-canonical • Some Protestant versions have included the Some Protestant versions have included the • Deutero-canonical books separately (KJV, RSV) books separately (KJV, RSV) Deutero-canonical
Which Manuscripts Which Manuscripts Will be Consulted? Will be Consulted?
Which Manuscripts will Which Manuscripts will be consulted? be consulted? • Virtually all modern translations base the Virtually all modern translations base the • OT primarily on the Masoretic text OT primarily on the Masoretic text • Virtually all modern translations consult Virtually all modern translations consult • other ancient versions (LXX, Samaritan other ancient versions (LXX, Samaritan Pentateuch, etc) and will occasionally Pentateuch, etc) and will occasionally follow them against the Masoretic Text follow them against the Masoretic Text
Which Manuscripts will Which Manuscripts will be consulted? be consulted? • Most modern translations use an eclectic Most modern translations use an eclectic • NT text, choosing the manuscripts that NT text, choosing the manuscripts that seem best to the translators seem best to the translators • In general, most modern translations In general, most modern translations • give priority to the Alexandrian text over give priority to the Alexandrian text over the Byzantine/Majority text the Byzantine/Majority text
Which Manuscripts will Which Manuscripts will be consulted? be consulted? • The key exception to this rule is the The key exception to this rule is the • New King James Version which New King James Version which gives priority to the Majority text gives priority to the Majority text • Most modern translations will Most modern translations will • footnote any major differences footnote any major differences between the manuscripts between the manuscripts
Which Translation Which Translation Theory Will Be Used? Theory Will Be Used?
Major Translation Major Translation Theories Theories • Essentially literal • Essentially literal • Dynamic equivalence • Dynamic equivalence • Paraphrase • Paraphrase
Essentially Literal Translations Essentially Literal Translations An essentially literal translation translates the meaning An essentially literal translation translates the meaning of every word in the original language, understood of every word in the original language, understood correctly in context, into its nearest English equivalent, correctly in context, into its nearest English equivalent, and attempts to express the result with ordinary English and attempts to express the result with ordinary English word order and style, as far as that is possible without word order and style, as far as that is possible without distorting the meaning of the original… …The main point is The main point is distorting the meaning of the original that essentially literal translations attempt to represent that essentially literal translations attempt to represent the meaning of every word in the original in some way or the meaning of every word in the original in some way or other in the resulting translation. other in the resulting translation. Wayne Grudem Grudem, , Translating Truth Translating Truth , 20 , 20 Wayne
Some Essentially Some Essentially Literal Translations Literal Translations • King James Version King James Version • • New King James Version New King James Version • • Revised Standard Version Revised Standard Version • • New Revised Standard Version New Revised Standard Version • • New American Standard Bible New American Standard Bible • • English Standard Version English Standard Version •
Advantages of Advantages of Essentially Literal Essentially Literal Translation Translation • Keeps full meaning of text Keeps full meaning of text – – even even • secondary nuances secondary nuances • More consistent translations of More consistent translations of • Greek and Hebrew words – – more more Greek and Hebrew words helpful for word studies helpful for word studies
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