Transfer factors in marine biota: Further evaluation of the phylogenetic bioaccumulation hypothesis Fish taxa: distributions in body components Life cycle radioecology Amphioxus the hyper-accumulator: longer-term experiment Ross Jeffree, Francois Oberhansli, Fanny Houlbreque and Jean-Louis Teyssie Marine Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, Monaco.
Phylogenetic bioaccumulation hypothesis…… • The working hypothesis: – a) Evolutionary divergent organisms have different patterns of bioaccumulation of trace elements – b) The greater the period of divergence the greater the differences • Hypothesis tested by short-term experimental bioaccumulation from seawater of multiple radiotracers (whole body + body component CFs); 54 Mn, 60 Co, 65 Zn, 109 Cd, 110m Ag, 75 Se, 134 Cs, 241 Am, 51 Cr • Outcomes – Differences demonstrated can subsequently be interpreted in terms of differences in physiology and anatomy – Can identify ‘at risk’ taxa, relative to reference organisms International Atomic Energy Agency Marine Environment Laboratories Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications Monaco
Group average Transform: Log(X+1) Normalise Resemblance: D1 Euclidean distance 6 Taxon c t a s ce 4 528 Distance 2 0 t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a c c c c c c c c c c c c c s s s s s s s s s ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce Samples International Atomic Energy Agency Marine Environment Laboratories Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications Monaco
Evolutionary divergence G r o u p a v e r a g e times (mybp) T r a n s f o r m : L o g ( X + 1 ) N o r m a lis e R e s e m b la n c e : D 1 E u c lid e a n d is t a n c e 6 T a x o n c t a s c e >1000 mybp 4 528 Distance 2 0 t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce ce c c c c c c c c c c c c c s s s s s s s s s S a m p le s Both filter feeders, but very 380 mybp 528 mybp different bioaccumulation patterns International Atomic Energy Agency Marine Environment Laboratories Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications Monaco
Most primitive ray-finned fish- the African bichir Mitogenomic-based phylogenetic relationships of fishes (Inoue et al., 2003) Order: Polypteriformes Family: Polypteridae Genus: Polypterus International Atomic Energy Agency Marine Environment Laboratories Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications Monaco
MDS analysis…… Transform: Log(X+1) Standardise Samples by Total Transform: Log(X+1) Resemblance: D1 Euclidean distance Cs-134 Standardise Samples by Total 2D Stress: 0.08 c sb Resemblance: D1 Euclidean distance sb 0.6 sf sb Taxon sb sb 2D Stress: 0.08 sf sb c c sf sf sb c sf c c sb c 2.4 t sf sf sb sf c t c c sf t t c t sb sf act sb act sb act actact 4.2 act t t act t t t t t t t t t t sf sb act t c sb t t t t sf t sf c t t t c sf act c t 6 c t c c t sf sf sb c c sf c c t t c t act act act act act Transform: Log(X+1) tt act act t t t t t t Standardise Samples by Total t t t Resemblance: D1 Euclidean distance t t act t t Se-75 t 2D Stress: 0.08 t t c sb t t sb t c 3 sf t sb sb sb c sf t sb c sf sf c sf c c c 12 sf t sf sb c sf c c t t c t act c act 21 act actact act act t t t t t t t t t t t t act t t t t t t t t t c t 30 c t c c 65-Zn Bikir Transform: Log(X+1) Standardise Samples by Total Resemblance: D1 Euclidean distance 10 110 Zn-65 2D Stress: 0.08 100 9 c sb sb 90 8 20 sf 80 sb sb 7 sb sf sb c 70 sf sf c % R eten tio n 6 sf c c 80 60 sf t sf CF 5 sb c sf 50 c c t 4 t c t 40 act act act actact 140 act act tt t t 3 t t t t t 30 t t t act t t t t t 2 t 20 t t t c t 1 10 c 200 t c 0 0 International Atomic Energy Agency Marine Environment Laboratories 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 c Time (d) Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications Monaco
Comparisons of tissue distributions of among bony and cartilagenous fishes……. • The picture based on whole body CFs • point of separation between all Transform: Log(X+1) Resemblance: D1 Euclidean distance chondrichthyans and teleosts 3.0 2.5 • the majority of individual fishes group in species-specific clusters lower in the dendrogram 2.0 Distance 1.5 • the three teleost species are less diverse among themselves than the chondrichthyans 1.0 0.5 0 d d d d d d d r r r r to to b b b b b b b ba ba t t t t t t t t t t ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba Samples International Atomic Energy Agency Marine Environment Laboratories Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications Monaco
Comparisons of tissue distributions of among bony and cartilagenous fishes……. 2D Stress: 0.08 2D Stress: 0.13 b to • Head d b ba to ba ba ba ba b b b ba ba ba ba d d b ba ba r b b b d b t t b t t t t d t ba r b t t r r t t t t t t t d d d d t t ba d r t t r r b ba d ba ba ba d b ba r ba ba d to to d 2D Stress: 0.08 2D Stress: 0.13 head liver b to d b ba to ba ba ba ba b b b ba ba ba ba d d b ba ba r b b b d b t t b t t t t d t ba r b t t t r r t t t t t t d d d t ba d t d r t t r r b ba d ba ba ba b d ba r ba ba d to Zn-65 Zn-65 to d International Atomic Energy Agency Marine Environment Laboratories Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications Monaco
Comparisons of tissue distributions of among bony and cartilagenous fishes……. 2D Stress: 0.08 2D Stress: 0.11 r d d r d d d d r r to to d r ba ba d r ba d ba ba ba t b d t t t b d ba d t t ba t b r b d ba r b t d t t b b b b ba to to t ba t t b ba b t t ba ba ba ba ba b t t t ba t ba t b ba b 2D Stress: 0.08 2D Stress: 0.11 r kidney d d Mn-54 digestive tract r d d d d r r to to d d r ba ba ba d r ba ba t ba b d t t t b d ba d t t ba t b b r ba d b r Cs-134 t d b t t b b b ba to to t ba b t t ba b t t ba ba b ba t ba ba t t ba t ba t b ba b International Atomic Energy Agency Marine Environment Laboratories Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications Monaco
Life cycle 60 Co experimental 65 Zn 241 Am program on small shark 60 Co 134 Cs FOOD . Comprehensive 241 Am 65 Zn life-history radioecology 134 Cs 60 Co MT 134 Cs 241 Am 60 Co 134 Cs 241 Am 65 Zn 134 Cs 241 Am 60 Co 241 Am 134 Cs 134 Cs 60 Co 134 Cs 60 Co DISSOLVED 60 Co 134 Cs 241 Am 60 Co 134 Cs 241 Am 241 Am 65 Zn 134 Cs 60 Co 241 Am 134 Cs 60 Co 60 Co MT MT
Maternal transfer to eggs ……the 4 th exposure pathway feeding phase post-feeding phase Experimental design 20000 Shark1 15000 Shark2 10000 Shark8 5000 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 DAYS Cumulative ingestion patterns of food + radionuclides for each maternal dogfish Pattern of egg laying by each maternal dogfish International Atomic Energy Agency Marine Environment Laboratories Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications Monaco
Maternal transfer to eggs …… • Maternal to embryo 65 Zn 60 Co transfer factors; 150 5.0 T o ta l a ctiv ity in e g g s Total activity in eggs 4.0 y = 0.0007x y = 0.0003x 100 3.0 2 = 0.7261 2 = 0.6484 R R 2.0 50 1.0 0.0 0 0 5000 10000 0 50000 100000 Total activity ingested by mother Total activity ingested by mother 65 Zn 60 Co 300 100 • Pattern of post-feeding 250 reductions in maternal 200 % retained % retained SH1 SH1 150 50 transfer to egg SH2 SH2 100 50 0 0 0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200 days days International Atomic Energy Agency Marine Environment Laboratories Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications Monaco
Maternal transfer to eggs …… Distributions in eggs Feeding phase Post-feeding phase 65-Zn 65 Zn 100 100 % isotope distribution % isotope distribution 50 50 0 0 22 31 40 47 73 79 86 87 91 99 110 113 121 122 126 131 132 138 141 159 163 173 15 18 22 29 35 38 45 days CASE 60 Co 60-Co YOLK CASE JELLY YOLK 100 JELLY 100 % isotope distribution % isotope distribution 50 50 0 0 22 31 40 47 73 79 86 87 91 99 110 113 121 122 126 131 132 138 141 159 163 173 15 18 22 29 35 38 45 days International Atomic Energy Agency Marine Environment Laboratories Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications Monaco
Full term patterns of accumulation in a dogfish egg for 8 trace elements - Total egg: water CFs F3 •Change of slope when apertures in 54Mn case are opened 60Co 3500 65Zn 75Se 3000 110mAg •Continual increases 2500 109Cd with period of 2000 134Cs CF exposure to labelled 1500 241Am seawater for Ag, Zn, 1000 Co, Am. 500 0 0 50 100 150 Time (d) International Atomic Energy Agency Marine Environment Laboratories Dept. of Nuclear Sciences and Applications Monaco
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