Sustainable Energy Production from Biogas Lebanons Biogas Potential - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Sustainable Energy Production from Biogas Lebanon’s Biogas Potential - Prepared by Dr. Hassan Harajli - Jad Taha El Baba - Mark Khawaja

Biogas in Lebanese Policy Papers

Timeline of the expected Bioenergy plan for Lebanon according to NREAP Renewable Energy Mix is expected to satisfy 12% of the demand for electricity and heating by 2020. Bioenergy is an important source and will provide energy as shown below: Limited Applications for heating (wood stoves and 974.3 GWh chimneys) 210.4 ktoe 2020 2030 Present 2025 771.5 GWh 1177.0 GWh 166.6 ktoe 254.2 ktoe

Integrated Solid Waste Management Policy Paper Approved by the Council of Ministers in January 2018. The policy is founded on the principle of a decentralized approach to waste management by adopting an integrated solid waste management hierarchy towards a circular economy: 2035 2024 2025 Present 25% material recovery 35% material recovery 35% energy recovery 50% energy recovery 40% sanitary recovery 15% sanitary landfilling

Biogas Production and Utilization

Anaerobic Digestion Systems Biomass Energy Generation is the process ● where agricultural products and organic solid waste are used directly to create electric power. This specific technology and process is critical ● in discussing the future abilities and resources for renewable mix in energy and power grids, and can contribute to the overall goal of moving toward entire dependence on renewable sources especially in rural areas relying on an agricultural as the main source of income.

Source: https://glwenergy.com/what-is-a-biogas-digester/

Biogas Application from different waste streams 1. Animal Wastes a. Manure: Cow, Goat, Poultry, Pig b. Slaughterhouses: Animal fat, Stomach and Gut content, Blood 2. Crops Residues a. Harvest Residues: Straw, Grass, Flower waste, Stems, Sugar Beet Toppings, Corn Silage, Green Clipping, Grains b. Agricultural wastes 3. Municipal and Industrial Waste a. Food Waste: Restaurants, Hotels, Hospitals, Schools, Municipal Organic Solid Waste (garbage sourcing), Bakeries, Supermarkets, Food Processing Companies b. Breweries: Wine, Beer (Yeast) c. Oil Refineries: Oil, Fats, Greases d. Paper Industries: Gelatine, Waxes, Starch e. Sewage f. Pharmaceutical Wastes: Proteinacious wastes, Bacterial Cells

Technology Options for Anaerobic Digestion

Batch Reactor Advantages: Disadvantages : High conversion rates ● High Labour cost per production ● Low Tech and Simple ● Difficult to maintain for large ● Easy to Clean ● scale production Source: http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/processes/chemical-reactors.html

Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) Advantages: Disadvantages: Easy Maintenance ● Small conversion rate ● Low upfront cost ● Dead zones (Where no mixing) ● Large Heat Capacity and ● Reactant can Bypass [2] ● Temperature Control Easy Access to Interior ● Source: http://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/processes/chemical-reactors.html

Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) Advantages: Easily maintained (when no moving parts are included) ● High conversion rate per unit volume ● Unvarying product quality throughout the process ● Appropriate for large capacity process ● Disadvantages : Poor temperature control (Hot spots occur) ● Poor mixing ● Source: http://www.mdpi.com/

Covered Lagoon Digester Advantages: Low Cost/Low Tech ● Easy to construct and maintain ● Reduces odours ● Source: https://floatingcovers.wordpress.com/tag/lagoon-covers/ Disadvantages: Large Land Footprint ● Solids/ Nutrients Accumulation ● Temperature not controlled ● (Ambient Temperature)

Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB) Advantages: Short hydraulic retention ● High COD removal rate ● Disadvantages : Treatment may be unstable ● with variable hydraulic and organic loads Complex and expensive ● Long start-up time to work ● at full capacity Source:http://www.valbio.com/fr/Technologies/

Electricity Production 2- Gas Spark Plug Engines 1- Diesel Generators - Operation on dual fuel mode Run 100% on biogas due to the Mixture of diesel biogas and spark ignition. Upfront costs higher combustion air. Diesel consumption than conventional generators but is reduced by 80% running cost is lower 3- Gas Turbines Tolerates low quality of biogas and have lower running cost. However, upfront cost is high. General Electric engines generate 100 kW to 10 MW of power with electrical efficiency varying from 38% to 50%.

Heat Production and Other Uses A biogas plant can be fitted with a ● Combined heat and Power generation (CHP) unit. Heat is extracted from the engine’s ● cooling system and exhaust gases. Heat is used to keep the digester at ● an optimal temperature and spare heat is sent to home use. Source: http://forschung-energiespeicher.info/en/

Heat Production and Other Uses Biogas can be upgraded to Methane and used Remainings of the digested materials can also be as a substitute to natural gas: useful: 1- Bio-CNG (Compressed to 200-250 bar and Solid and liquid digested materials can be processed stored in cylinders) in many different nutrient rich products such: 2- Bio-LNG (Liquefied at -162 C and stored in Compost, Fertilizer, Soil Amendments and Animal vessel) Bedding. 3- Gas grid injection (pressurised to 8 bar and injected into existing natural gas system) In all cases, biogas should be cleaned, upgraded to high methane level (>95%) by removing CO2 and pressurised. Source:https://www.greenline-energy.de/en/technology-sectors/biogas- plants.html

Biogas Production in Lebanon

Lebanon’s Biogas Theoretical Potential from Animal Manure Manure from Number of Total Number Average Biggest Farm Quantity of Biogas Electricity Farms of Animals Animal per Manure Potential Potential Farm (kg/day) (m3/day) (kwh/day) Cows 2,912 54,095 18.5 2,050 889,233 389,481 584,221 Pigs 35 7,701 220 2,000 63,296 1,108 1,662 Goat 4,784 401,134 83.8 6,500 879,198 71,660 104,972 Sheep 3,463 262,888 75.9 7,200 576,193 46,963 68,794 Chicken - 43 753,645 17,526 224,875 51,620 1,069 1,603.5 farmers 3% of total electricity Chicken - 4 (67% of 72,000,000 18,000,000 21,600,000 4,931,507 102,681 860,272 demand industrial total) Total - - - - 7,391,047 612,962 1,621,525 Source: Ministry of Agriculture 2010 and own calculation

Comparison of Manure Mono-digestion with substrates Co- digestion Advantages 1- Improve Nutrient Balance and Digestion 2- Equalize Particulate, Settling and Acidifying 3- Additional Biogas Collection 4- Escape Fees for Waste Management 5- Fertilizer Reclamation (Soil Conditioner) Disadvantages 1- Additional Pre-treatment and Mixing Requirements 2- Hygienistion Requirements 3- Increase Digester Effluent COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) Bioresource Technology, 2011

Applications in two (2) Lebanese Cow Farms - 1 Domaine de Taanayel Biogas System was to treat 3.8 t/d in summer Masri Cow Farm produces around 50 t/day of waste, however the biogas and 6.95 t/day in winter. 10% Cheese Whey, 5% Separated Organic system was to treat only 15.1 t/d of cattle manure and a small quantity of Waste and 85% Cow Manure slaughterhouse waste.

Applications in two (2) Lebanese Cow Farms -2 A 95 kWp PV system is installed at Taanayel, a 30 kWe The average total electricity demand is 450 kWh/d, which is biogas system was designed to complement that. mainly used for pumping, refrigeration and feed preparation. More than 90% of electricity demand can produced by biogas.

Applications in two (2) Lebanese Cow Farms -3 A CSTR Biogas System was suggested to the Taanayel Cow A Lagoon Biogas System was suggested for the Masri Cow Farm. The combination of different waste streams and the Farm. The ambient temperature in the coastal area of farm ambient climate dictate the choice of the CSTR system. presented favorable condition for such system.

Applications in two (2) Lebanese Cow Farms - 4

Synergies Achieved with Biogas Implementations in different sectors Waste Management and Treatment Energy Mix Diversification and Energy Security Agricultural Sector Upgrade Electricity and Heat Production Employment Generation Climate Change Mitigation (reduces CH 4 and CO 2 emissions)

Policy Recommendations Improve collaboration and cooperation between different government ministries to achieve the biogas potential Update laws and regulations to allow electricity generation from Medium Voltage (MV) feeder to be fed to the grid. Allowing net-metering but also preferably feed in tariffs. Partially subsidize (grant or loan) the implementation of the first biogas plants in Lebanon. To initiate the market and decrease price. Enable municipalities and union of municipalities to operate biogas production plants Synergize potential gas network infrastructure with biogas site location Capacity building in the key sectors of the biogas value chain: agriculture, engineering design, logistics and operation & maintenance.

Thanks! Contact us: CEDRO Beirut Central District 1st Floor, Bldg 287B, Maarad Street Beirut, Lebanon hassan.harajli@undp.org jad.el-baba@undp.org http://www.cedro-undp.org/