BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES ON THE USAGE OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE (TCM)
INTRODUCTION
• One of the world's oldest forms of medicine WHAT IS • Increasingly recognised as a viable form of alternative medicine TCM? • Concerns the balance of the body ( �� Xing) and mind ( �� Shen) INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
RATIONALE World Health Organisation Director- General Margaret Chan: + More evidence- based science is needed to back Prevalence of Western up TCM’s e ffi cacy Medical Treatment; conventional mode of medical treatment. INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
RATIONALE ? ? ? ? ? So why do people still turn to TCM? INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
RATIONALE INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
LITERATURE REVIEW In 2001, in a survey involving 500 respondents, 67% of Singaporeans admitted to having received TCM. Since 2004, hospitals in Singapore have been o ff ering TCM services such as acupuncture and herbs, to complement conventional medical treatment. Loh, C.H. (2009). Use of traditional Chinese medicine in Singapore children: perceptions of parents and paediatricians. INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
LITERATURE REVIEW Family tradition was cited as an important reason (63%) for CAM use, while dissatisfaction with western doctors (8%) and a lack of trust for western medicine (9%) were only minor reasons. Lim, Sadarangani, Chan, & Heng. (2005). Complementary and alternative medicine use in multiracial Singapore. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 13(1), 16-24. INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
HYPOTHESIS Negative Experiences with Western Medicine will H1: influence the individual to use TCM Belief in Natural Methods will influence the H2: individual to use TCM Anti-Science Sentiments will influence the individual H3: to use TCM INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
HYPOTHESIS Belief in a Holistic Lifestyle will influence the individual H4: to use TCM Belief in the Supernatural will influence the individual H5: to use TCM Cultural Influences will influence the individual to H6: use TCM INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
VARIABLE(S) DEPENDENT USAGE OF TCM INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
VARIABLE(S) INDEPENDENT 5 1 3 6 4 2 INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
VARIABLE(S) INDEPENDENT Negative Experiences with 1 Western Medicine Unsatisfied with the Unpleasant experiences/ medical outcomes encounters INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
VARIABLE(S) INDEPENDENT Negative Experiences with 1 Western Medicine Western Medicine is not The quality of service I e ff ective in treating obtained from Western Unsatisfied with the Unpleasant experiences/ illnesses. medical treatment is bad. medical outcomes encounters INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
VARIABLE(S) INDEPENDENT Belief in Natural Methods 2 Greater confidence in the treatment from methods perceived as “natural”. INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
VARIABLE(S) INDEPENDENT Belief in Natural Methods 2 Greater confidence in the treatment from methods Natural treatment methods Artificial flavourings and have less side e ff ects than perceived as “natural”. preservatives are bad for you. chemical methods. INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
VARIABLE(S) INDEPENDENT Anti-Science Sentiments 3 Rejection of science and the scientific method including the rejection of conventional medical treatments. INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
VARIABLE(S) INDEPENDENT Anti-Science Sentiments 3 Rejection of science and the scientific method Advancement in Western including the rejection of conventional medical medical technology has not Anti-biotics do not work. treatments. improved the lives of people. INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
VARIABLE(S) INDEPENDENT Belief in a Holistic Lifestyle 4 Revolves around the perception that health is an integration between the mind, body, and spirit. INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
VARIABLE(S) INDEPENDENT Belief in a Holistic Lifestyle 4 Revolves around the perception that health is an Your body has the natural It is important to balance integration between the mind, body, and spirit. ability to recover from Yin and Yang energy in illnesses if there is a balance one’s body. in your life. INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
VARIABLE(S) INDEPENDENT Belief in the Supernatural 5 Belief in the paranormal - level of superstition. INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
VARIABLE(S) INDEPENDENT Belief in the Supernatural 5 Belief in the paranormal - Good deeds and good level of superstition. Supernatural forces can karma can lead to better a ff ect the individual’s health. health. INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
VARIABLE(S) INDEPENDENT Cultural Influences 6 Pre-existing or current tradition and cultural practice INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
VARIABLE(S) INDEPENDENT Cultural Influences 6 Pre-existing or current tradition and It is important to me to cultural practice It is important for us to keep maintain Chinese culture in to traditional practices. Singapore. INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
METHODOLOGY
QUANTITATIVE SURVEY Distributed to Chinese participants, who are both non-believers and believers of TCM, and are above the age of 18. INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
QUANTITATIVE SURVEY Online Qualtrics Went to Singapore Survey Chung Hwa Medical Institution Snowball sampling Purposive sampling INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
QUALITATIVE SURVEY Online Qualtrics Went to Singapore 67% were younger than 30 Survey Chung Hwa Medical Institution Sample Size = 234 33% were older than 30 Snowball sampling Purposive sampling INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
QUANTITATIVE SURVEY INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
QUALITATIVE SURVEY • Guided open-ended interview Sample Size = 20 • Broad questions with prompts INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
RESULTS
RESULTS CULTURAL INFLUENCES p-Value Significant 0.000379 Pearson’s Medium e ff ect 0.230 correlation INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
RESULTS CULTURAL INFLUENCES One should act like a p-Value Significant p-Value 0.00727 Significant 0.000379 “Chinese” person. Pearson’s Pearson’s 0.186 Weak e ff ect Medium e ff ect 0.230 correlation correlation INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
RESULTS NEGATIVE EXPERIENCE WITH WESTERN MEDICINE p-Value Significant 0.000612 Pearson’s Medium e ff ect 0.222 correlation INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
RESULTS RESULTS I had a cough for 6 months and NEGATIVE EXPERIENCE BELIEF IN NATURAL METHODS conventional medicine did not help. WITH WESTERN MEDICINE Thus, I started to try alternatives and found Chinese Medicine. I tried the one that is very reputable. Recently, after the ine ff ectiveness of the p-Value Significant 0.000612 conventional medicine , I visited a TCM shop and it cured my headache. My friend’s leg has an infection and Pearson’s the conventional medicine was not able to cure it, but Medium e ff ect 0.222 correlation after visiting the TCM practitioner, it healed . INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
RESULTS BELIEF IN THE SUPERNATURAL p-Value Significant 5.46E-06 Pearson’s Medium e ff ect 0.292 correlation INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
RESULTS BELIEF IN NATURAL METHODS p-Value Significant 1.97E-07 Pearson’s Strong e ff ect 0.332 correlation INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
RESULTS BELIEF IN NATURAL METHODS I use Chinese supplements more because it is more natural. p-Value Significant 1.97E-07 The medicine that they give; they use more Pearson’s natural forms of treatment and you feel like it Strong e ff ect 0.332 correlation will be less harmful to your body. INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY RESULTS ADDITIONAL FINDINGS LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION
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