Toward an Epic Epigraph Graph Francis Bond , Graham Matthews Linguistics and Multilingual Studies, English School of Humanities Nanyang Technological University <bond@ieee.org> LREC 2018-05-11 Bond and Matuhews (NTU) LREC 2018 1 / 23 Digital Humanities Cluster An Epic Epigraph Graph
Outline Tie best ideas are common property. Seneca the Younger, “On Old Age”, Moral Letuers to Lucilius 1 Introduction 2 Tie Epigraph Graph 3 Conclusions and Future Work Bond and Matuhews (NTU) LREC 2018 2 / 23 An Epic Epigraph Graph
Introduction We present a database of epigraphs - as a set of connections between authors - over time, space and genre Now with epigraphs from over 14,000 literary works We are still identifying their provenance. Snapshots are released openly as CC BY 4.0 http://compling.hss.ntu.edu.sg/projects/epigraph/ we plan to put the whole thing into version control Bond and Matuhews (NTU) LREC 2018 3 / 23 ▶ to reveal literary infmuence An Epic Epigraph Graph
What is an Epigraph? An epigraph is a quotation at the beginning of some LREC 2018 Bond and Matuhews (NTU) their work to the existing body of literature. Authors use them both to set the theme and to link authors use more epigraphs, classical and realistic fewer) dropping) usage) major uses: Genetue (1987, Ch. 7, pp156–160) identifjes four piece of writing. 4 / 23 ▶ commenting on and justifying the title of the work ▶ commenting on the text of the work (the most canonical ▶ claiming a relationship to the cited author (name ▶ signaling the genre of the work (romantic and gothic An Epic Epigraph Graph
Epigraphs in Literature Epigraphs are ofuen discussed within wider literary LREC 2018 Bond and Matuhews (NTU) literary epigraphs evolution in purpose and form. canon Our large collection makes possible: quantitative study of who cites whom However, to date there has been no large scale infmuences (Poplawski, 2017). criticism as a way authors explicitly show their 5 / 23 ▶ To examine infmuence in the literary fjeld beyond the ▶ To study the history of the literary epigraph and its ▶ To establish the groundwork for an encyclopaedia of An Epic Epigraph Graph
Tie Epigraph Database — Tie Epigraph text of the epigraph LREC 2018 Bond and Matuhews (NTU) ISBN of the original text (if it exists) medium (novel, play song, …) if difgerent from the language it is cited in original language of the epigraph language of the epigraph year of origin or more detailed region if available country of origin author of original text title of original text or link to online text image of the page it appears on 6 / 23 An Epic Epigraph Graph
Tie Epigraph Database — Tie Work title author(s) country of fjrst publication or more detailed region if available year of fjrst publication language of work (all currently English) original language of work genre ISBN (if it exists) Remarks (for other information such as whether the cited work is fjctional) Bond and Matuhews (NTU) LREC 2018 7 / 23 An Epic Epigraph Graph
E.g. Tiis paper — the Epigraph Tie best ideas are common property. [image of page 1] “On Old Age”, Moral Letuers to Lucilius Seneca the Younger English Letuers ISBN=9780674990845 (Loeb Classical Library) Bond and Matuhews (NTU) LREC 2018 8 / 23 65 AD ∗ Rome ∗ Latin ∗ An Epic Epigraph Graph
E.g. Tiis paper — the Work the original. For works such as Moral Letuers to Lucilius , LREC 2018 Bond and Matuhews (NTU) look up of metadata. goal is to link to a controlled vocabulary to allow further for which many editions exist, we select any one – the 9 / 23 Toward An Epic Epigraph Graph ISBN=979-10-95546-00-9 Academic English 2017 Miyazaki, Japan Francis Bond, Graham Matuhews ∗ shows data that was deduced, rather than explicit in An Epic Epigraph Graph
Tie Epic Epigraph Graph We can think of the works as nodes in a graph - genre, author, place, time And the epigraph links works Making a very sparse graph - epic in subject and size Tie meta-data connects the graphs Bond and Matuhews (NTU) LREC 2018 10 / 23 ▶ with rich properties An Epic Epigraph Graph
Selection Criteria Opportunistic (shelf by shelf) LREC 2018 Bond and Matuhews (NTU) normalizing the data. double checking the accuracy of the metadata, and Now doing quality control: removing repeat entries, Books,and Project Gutenburg (ECCO),the Literature Online Database (LION),Google present (based on Wikipedia lists) Guided Singapore Literature in English Bibliography Koh (2008) 11 / 23 ▶ NTU Humanities Library ▶ Singapore Public Libraries (7 branches) ▶ infmuential literature from the seventeenth century to the ▶ Searched in the Eighteenth Century Collections Online An Epic Epigraph Graph
Most Common Sources Romeo and Juliet LREC 2018 Bond and Matuhews (NTU) Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland 15 King Lear 18 Tie Book of Counted Sorrows 19 As You Like It 20 22 # Cites Macbeth 23 Paradise Lost 23 Hamlet 32 Tie Tempest 35 Bible 129 Work Cited 12 / 23 An Epic Epigraph Graph
Most Common Authors Carroll, Lewis LREC 2018 Bond and Matuhews (NTU) Frost, Robert 32 Twain, Mark 32 Einstein, Albert 33 Emerson, Ralph Waldo 34 Milton, John 35 Tioreau, Henry David 35 36 # Cites Nietzsche, Friedrich Author Cited 323 Shakespeare, William 74 Dickinson, Emily 62 Poe, Edgar Allan 45 Wilde, Oscar 44 Whitman, Walt 43 Blake, William 37 13 / 23 An Epic Epigraph Graph
Most Common Types Letuer LREC 2018 Bond and Matuhews (NTU) Defjnition of a word 18 Essay 22 Film 24 Speech 24 Fictional 28 29 # Cites Bible Verse 66 Proverb 73 Song 149 Play 173 Novel 291 Poem 435 Type of Work Cited 14 / 23 An Epic Epigraph Graph
Most Common Qvotes in doubts; but if he will be content to begin with bodies. Aristotle 3 All war is deception. Sun Tzu 3 If a man will begin with certainties, he shall end doubts, he shall end in certainties. 3 Bacon, Francis 3 Time present and time past Are both perhaps present in time future, And time future contained in time past. Eliot, T.S Bond and Matuhews (NTU) LREC 2018 What is a friend? A single soul dwelling in two Shakespeare, William # Cites Hell is empty and all the devils are here. Epigraph Text Author 6 Tie past is never dead. It’s not even past. Faulkner, William 5 If an injury has to be done to a man it should be so severe that his vengeance need not be feared. Machiavelli, Niccolo 5 We shall not cease from exploration And the end of all our exploring Will be to arrive where we started And know the place for the fjrst time. Eliot, T.S 4 Truth is beautiful, without doubt; but so are lies. Emerson, Ralph Waldo 4 15 / 23 An Epic Epigraph Graph
Authors Play with Epigraphs Tie most common works are dominated by the Bible and Shakespeare, and include one originally non-existent work Tie Book of Counted Sorrows : Tiis comes from a young adult series where the author cites poems from a author wrote the book Koontz (2001). Another book cited by the same author, Tie Book of Counted Joys , remains non-existent. Bond and Matuhews (NTU) LREC 2018 16 / 23 fjctional book at the start of each book. 1 Later, the An Epic Epigraph Graph
Authors are Careless Tie past is never dead. It isn’t even past. LREC 2018 Bond and Matuhews (NTU) Difgerences underlined Poulson, Christine (2016) Ohanesian, Aline 2015) Variant Wolfg, Isabel (2014) Carey, Peter (2012) Tie past is not dead. It is not even past. Langley Lee (2010) Tie past is never dead, it’s not even past. cited by 6 authors Tie past is never dead. It’s not even past. Cited in 17 / 23 Tie past is not dead; it’s not even past. Tie past isn’t over. It isn’t even the past. An Epic Epigraph Graph
Trans-Atlantic Infmuence Bond and Matuhews (NTU) LREC 2018 18 / 23 David Lodge Small World (UK, 1984) A.S. Byatt Possession (UK, 1990) John Keats Isabella (UK, 1820) Anthony Burgess Enderby Outside (UK, 1968) Jean de Beranger Le Rufus (France, 1832) Nathaniel Hawthorne Seven Gables (US, 1851) Richard Yates Revolutionary Road (US, 1961) Edgar Allen Poe Fall of the House of Usher (US, 1839) Rubén Darío El Canto Errante (Nicaragua, 1900) An Epic Epigraph Graph
Trans-european Infmuence Bond and Matuhews (NTU) LREC 2018 19 / 23 A.S. Byatt Biographer's Tale (2000) David Lodge Søren Kierkegaard Therapy (1995) (Denmark, 1836) James Joyce L.P Hartley The Hireling (1957) Portrait of Artist (1915) Samuel Butler Erewhon (1872) Goethe Wahlverwandtschaften (Germany 1809) Molière Le Misanthrope (France, 1666) Ovid Metamorphoses (Italy, 8AD) Aristotle Politics (Greece, 427BC) An Epic Epigraph Graph
Future Work Increase the size to 20,000 epigraphs Link to geonames, ISBN, other controlled vocabulary On the fmy clustering and visualization 1945-1975 Track mis-citations Allow additions online Bond and Matuhews (NTU) LREC 2018 20 / 23 ▶ show who is cited by British SF authors from ▶ show who cites Dickens ▶ show who cites Russian Realist Writers ⁇? ▶ show who is cited by Singaporean Writers An Epic Epigraph Graph
Acknowledgments Tiis research was supported by the Singapore MOE Tier 1 Grant: Digital Mapping the Literary Epigraph: Qvantitative Analysis of Literary Infmuence Using Network Tieory and Tiousands of Epigraphs (RG158/16) and the NTU COHASS Cluster on Digital Humanities. We would like to thank the reviewers for their insightful comments. Bond and Matuhews (NTU) LREC 2018 21 / 23 An Epic Epigraph Graph
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