Times of Troubles Ukraine on the Threshold of Independence
Independence Attempts • March 1917 Kiev forms Rada • Historian Hrushevsky elected President • July 1917 recognized by Russia, UK, France • Pro-Bolshevick troops seize Kiev December 1917 • Germans occupy March 1918, bring back Rada • Failed
Chaotic Years • Skoropadsky “Hetman of All Ukraine • December 1918 Germans Abandon Kiev, take Hetman with them • Petlyura Back • 1920 Petlyura deal with Pilsudski • Governments change 12-20 times
Lviv Variant • October 1918 West Ukrainian People’s Republic (ZUNR) • Claimed sovereignty over E. Galicia, Bukovyna, Transcarpathia and Eastern Poland • Quickly lost to Poles
Treaty of Versaille • Ukrainians Out-gunned • Little interest, support, understanding of West • Ukraine split into 4 • Galicia and W. Volhynia to Poland • Bukovyna to Romania • Uzhorod and Mrkachevo to Czechoslovakia • E. Ukraine to Russia (formalized in Treaty of Riga February 1921)
“Korenizatsiya” Soviet Nationalities Policy • Encouraging non-Russian Language and Culture, not intellectual freedom • To Broaden Communism’s Appeal • Administrative Structures without authority • Ends in 1933 • Original capital Kharkiv, moved to Kiev in 1934
Purges- Deportations • Two Waves of Purges 1932-4 and 1937-8 • Up to 80% of Ukrainian intelligentsia killed or disappeared • 1940s 100s of 1,000s deported or killed from Western Ukraine • Ukrainian Institutions in Western Ukraine suppressed
Collectivization and de- Kulakization • Small land holders (“rich peasants”) • Destroyed Social and Cultural identity in countryside
• 44 % increase in Ukrainian grain procurement requirement • Up to 7 million dead 1932-1933
The Polish Experience • 5 mil. Ukrainians in Poland, largest minority • Ukrainian National-Democratic Union in Parliament • Rising hostilities and tensions • Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) • Terrorism and Counter reprisals • Collapse of Polish Democracy
Holocaust and WWII • Molotov Ribbentrop Pact August 1939 • 1939 Poland Disappears Again • Germans invade W. Poland; • Red Army E. Poland • Galicia under Russian Rule • Soviet Style Elections confirm incorporation • 1939-1941 - 800,000-1.6 m. deported from W. Ukraine • 60% Jews of Soviet Ukraine killed; 90% in Galicia
Holocaust and WW II • June 1941 Germany Attacked Soviet Union • Late June 1941 Lviv and Kharkiv fall; August Dnipropetrovsk; Kiev mid-September • Ukrainian Hopes for German support dashed • Nazi trained OUN units joined in invasion • Leadership arrested; goes underground • 1943 Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA)
Dissent and Repression • Khrushchev Thaw and children of the 1960s • Largest national Movement • Legalistic • Human rights movement • 3 waves • 1965-1966 • 1972-73 • 1976-80.
Chernobyl April 1986
Glasnost and Perestroyka • Gorbachev GenSec of CPSU in 1985 • Shcherbytsky Ukraine head until 1989 • Repression continues despite more openness • Opposition groups • Informals --- Ukrainian Helsinki Union • Rukh -- Popular Movement in Support of Perestroika • Democratic Platform in Ukraine Communist Party • Trade unions
Rukh • Leadership -- intellectuals, nationalists • March 1990 elections to Supreme Soviet • Win 25%, compared to Baltic Equivalent of 90% • Geographic divisions • Out of touch with people's concerns
To Be or Not to Be • Not clear path to Independence as in Baltics • Evolved toward independence from more limited sovereignty • Kravchuk, communist, elected chair of parliament 1991
Moscow failed coup August 19 1991
Independence Realized • August 24 Parliament votes for independence • December 1 Ukrainian referendum • December 7-8 Belavezha Accord
November 30 Reading Links http://carnegieendowment.org/2016/07/26/between-victory-and-betrayal- how-to-move-ukraine-s-anticorruption-reforms-forward-pub-64180 http://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/?fa=64847 http://carnegieendowment.org/2016/09/19/consolidation-of-power-in- ukraine-what-it-means-for-west-pub-64623 http://carnegieeurope.eu/2016/04/29/ukraine-s-indispensable-economic- reforms-pub-63490 https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33460.pdf
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