THIRD AFRICA SMART GRID FORUM Kigali, Rwanda 4 th OCTOBER, 2018 Presentation Title BARRIERS AND PROSPECTS OF SMART GRID ADOPTION IN GHANA Presented by Amevi Acakpovi, PhD • Executive Member of the Ghana National Electrotechnical Committee (GNEC), Ghana • Associate Professor in the Electrical/Electronic Engineering Department, Accra Technical University, Accra, Ghana 11/14/2018 1
Outline Introduction Ghana Energy Generation and SG Efforts Research Approach into Consumer Behaviors Discussion and Recommendations Conclusion 11/14/2018 2
Introduction According to (Amin, 2016) Smart Grid refers to the use of digital information and control technologies to improve reliability, security, and efficiency of the electric grid. A smart grid system is a self-sufficient electricity network based on digital automation technology for monitoring, control, and analysis within the supply chain 11/14/2018 3
Importance of Smart Grid Integration There are many reasons to create and encourage a national smart grid. ◦ Today’s grid needs to be upgraded because it is aging, inadequate, and outdated in many respects investment is needed to improve its material condition, ensure adequate capacity exists, and enable it to address the 21st-century power supply challenges. Status quo is not an option. ◦ Need to control demand side energy consumption ◦ Need to handle the numerous DER available and provide effective billing. ◦ The benefits of smart grid are substantial as explained in the next slide 11/14/2018 4
Benefits of Smart Grid SG provide multiple benefits that are summarized in the following six key value areas: 1) Reliability — by reducing the cost of interruptions and power quality disturbances and reducing the probability and consequences of widespread blackouts 2) Economics — by keeping downward electricity prices, creating new jobs, and stimulating the gross domestic product (GDP). 3) Efficiency — by reducing the cost to produce, deliver, and consume electricity 4) Environment — By enabling a larger penetration of renewables and therefore reducing emissions. 5) Security — by reducing the probability and consequences of manmade attacks and natural disasters (cybercrime on ascendance!!!) 11/14/2018 5
Challenges Encountered in Ghana In Ghana, the adoption of smart grid has been very slow, and almost non-existent in some parts of the country. This slow adoption can be attributed to many limiting factors that can be examined from two perspectives: ◦ Service providers Initiatives and metering systems ◦ Consumers behavior 11/14/2018 6
Review of Energy Generation in Ghana Volta River Authority (VRA) is the main power generation company that manages the Akosombo Hydro Plant, Kpong Hydro Plant and Aboadze Thermal Plant and Sunon Asogli Power Plant (Anku, Abayatcye, & Oguah, 2013). On the other hand, the Ghana Grid Company Limited (GRIDCo), is the only transmission entity mandated to provide open access transmission for all generation facilities and Electricity Company of Ghana (ECG) and the Northern Electricity Distribution Company (NEDCo), are also mandated to distribute power to customers in the southern half and northern half of the country respectively 11/14/2018 7
Energy Generation in Ghana The following generation mix is expected for the year 2018 Hydro: 4,956.32 GWh, representing 30.4% of total energy supply; Thermal: 11,305.85 GWh, representing 69.34% of total energy supply; Renewables: 42.64 GWh representing 0.26% of total energy supply 11/14/2018 8
Renewable Energy Penetration is Low 11/14/2018 9
The Transmission Grid - Gridco 5,000 km of HV transmission lines operating at 161kV and 69kV and recently, the interconnection to Cote d'Ivoire at 225kV. 161kV closed loop grid serving the southern part of Ghana A long 161kV radial line from Kumasi to the Northern part of Ghana A 161kV radial line from Techiman to Sawla in the north-western part of the country, which extends to Wa, A single circuit 225kV 220km transmission line between Prestea substation in the Western part of Ghana and Abobo substation, near 11/14/2018 10 Abidjan in Cote d'Ivoire.
A double circuit 161kV line connecting the Akosombo Generating Plant in Ghana to Lome substation in Togo, to supply power to both T ogo and Benin 330kV projects that will see 330kV replacing 161kV as the primary transmission voltage 11/14/2018 11
The Transmission Network in Ghana The transmission lines are linked to 68 primary substations (transformation and switching substations) with total installed transformer capacity of 2,630MVA. Electricity supply voltage is reduced at these substations to 34.5kV, 11.5kV, 6.6kV, etc., for supply to bulk supply customers and/or for onward distribution to end-users. The transmission network and distribution sub- stations in Ghana are completely automated with SCADA system capable of: ◦ Remote sensing and monitoring ◦ System data acquisition and smart metering ◦ System control and fault management 11/14/2018 12
Review of SG Adoption in Ghana – Distribution Network ECG has deployed since 1995, single phase and three phase smart prepayment metering systems ECG smart metering project is backed by a number of IEC standards that specifies the ICT requirements for the energy meters, their criteria for acceptance test and inspection. 11/14/2018 13
ECG Progress with Smart Metering ECG has currently deployed AMI meters for all its bulk loads Smart meters are gradually reaching the residential loads. The smart meters accepted and deployed by ECG must have the following features: ◦ Most calculations shall be kept on the meter and it shall disconnect the supply when credit runs out. ◦ Purchases should be uploaded automatically to the meter over a wide area communications network. ◦ Should there be a failure in communications, the customer can fall back to entering a vending code manually. ◦ The smart meter shall have facilities to enable the supplier to switch meter modes between prepayment and post-payment billing. ◦ The meters must have two ways communications ◦ utilities can apply policies on load management easily. 11/14/2018 14
S/N Prepaid Meters Smart Prepaid Meter Area Deployed Deployed in ECG T echnology 1 PNS Ashanti East,Ashanti West,Accra East Cape coast, Kosoa, Swedru, Akim Tafo, Koforidua, 2 ECASH I RFID Nkawkaw, Ho, Agona, Takoradi, Afienya, Nungua, Prampram Dodowa, Kwabenya, Legon, Makola, Mampong, Roman 3 ECASHII RFID Ridge Half Assini, Kosoa, Swedru, Akim Tafo, Koforidua, 4 ECASHIII Nkawkaw, Ho, Agona, Takoradi, Afienya, Nungua, Prampram, Winneba 5 SMARTG GPRS, RFID and SMART Danyame, Suame, Abuakwa, Bekwai Dodowa, Kwabenya, Legon, Makola, Akuapim- 6 KAMSTRUP ZIGBEE, GPRS & SMART Mampong, Roman Ridge Kaneshie, Bortiano, Nsawam, Achimota, Dansoman, 7 SMARTCASH BOT RFID & SMART Korle-Bu 8 SMARTCASH BXC Bortianor, Teshie, Nsawam, Achimota, Ablekuma, 9 ENERSMART RF & GPRS, RFID Ayigya, Asokwa, Mampong, Kwabre, Konongo, Effiduase 11/14/2018 15 10 LIBERTY GPRS & SMART Akuapim Mampong
Where exactly has SG Adoption reached in Ghana? SGM Model A model which can guide the transformation of a power system towards a smarter grid is known as Smart Grid Maturity Model (SGMM) [a]. The model helps in ◦ strategic business development ◦ decision making framework, ◦ investment and rate cases, ◦ building explicit plans on movement from a level to another, ◦ measurement of progress using key performance indicators (KPI’s)[a]. [a] Julius Abayateye, Norbert Anku, Samuel Oguah (2015) “Smart Grid: An Assessment of Opportunities and Challenges in its Deployment in the Ghana Power System” IEEE Conference-GridCo Ghana 11/14/2018 16
Ghana: From Level 0 to Level II or III in 2018 11/14/2018 17
Consumers’ Perception of SG What is the degree of involvement of the consumers in Ghana? Are people making use of smart devices? Are they integrating some DERs? What are the barriers? And what can be done to change the user behaviour? 11/14/2018 18
Method: Investigation of Barriers to the Adoption Five hundred and sixty four respondents were selected from five regions in the republic of Ghana using stratified and accidental sampling Most questions were targeting the barriers and prospects of smart grid adoption considering the following variables: ◦ effects of education, government policies, culture, societal perception, safety and cost on smart grid adoption as well as Two focus-group discussion with experts from Electricity generation, transmission and distribution networks were also undertaken 11/14/2018 19
Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Model 19 Exogenous variables + 5 latent variables 11/14/2018 20
Findings Derived from User Point of View Finding 1: In relation to the slow adoption ◦ Cost, education, government policies are strong challenges influencing the adoption of smart grid in Ghana ◦ Culture and societal perception has little or no influence on the smart grid adoption in Ghana. Finding II: In relation to the prospects ◦ Education on smart grid technology, and government commitment constitute the main factors that will propel the smart grid adoption in Ghana. 11/14/2018 21
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