19 February 2013 The Status of Meteorological Observation in the Asian Countries Kunio AKATSU JICA Advisor , JICA H/Q (Meteorology)
Self-Introduction Countries visited or stayed as ODA Projects, mainly Bhutan Pakistan Mongolia (4 times) Bangladesh (3 times) Myanmar (5 times) Myanmar ( over 2 years ) Viet Nam (3 times) Laos (twice) Thailand (3 times) Cambodia (twice) (over 2 years) Philippines ( 5 times) Indonesia (once) Sri Lanka (once) Mozambique Dominican Republic (once) (2 years) Red Colored Country : Stayed over 2 years
Content of the Lecture (1) Current status of Meteorological Instrument and its Maintenance (2) Unreasonable Results of Analysis by using Observation Data from the Instrument which is not well Maintained or Calibrated (3) Simple Calibration System at the Local Observatory (4) Summary of the Current Status of Meteorological Instrument (5) Points to be Taken Care in case of AWS.
Situation of surroundings of Observation Field (1/4)
Situation of surroundings of Observation Field (2/4)
Situation of surroundings of Observation Field (3/4)
Situation of surroundings of Observation Field (4/4)
(1) Current Status of Meteorological Instrument （ wind vane / anemometer) (1/2) Wind mill type wind vane and anemometer Wind vane and Anemometer Wind pressure type Some NMHSCs still use it
(1) Current Status of Meteorological Instrument （ wind vane / anemometer) (2/2) Robinson’s Anemometer Observers watch the counter of run-of-wind meter. This is still poplar in many NMHSCs Conventional Wind vane Observers have to observe Wind direction by his/her visual
(1) Current Status of Meteorological Instrument （ rain gauge) (1/2) Reserve pot type Tipping bucket type It is very popular at almost all It become to be popular NMHSCs
(1) Current Status of Meteorological Instrument （ rain gauge) (2/2) Pluviograph type Few countries use it for actual usage and at many NMHSCs, Recording Chart is not set up
(1) Current Status of Meteorological Instrument （ Thermometer / Hygrometer) (1/2) Mercury thermometer and wet- bulb in a Screen It is used at every NMHSCs Natural ventilation shelter type Almost all AWS has a same type shelter
(1) Current Status of Meteorological Instrument （ Thermometer / Hygrometer) (2/2) Thermo-hygrograph and ventilated psychrometer Very few NMHSCs used it, for actual usage
(1) Current Status of Meteorological Instrument （ Actinometer / Sunshine recorder) (1/2) Cambell-Stokes type It is very popular at almost all NMHSCs Thermopile type
(1) Current Status of Meteorological Instrument （ Actinometer / Sunshine recorder) (2/2) Recording Actinometer Instrument has installed, however, almost all Recorder doesn’t work
(1) Current Status of Meteorological Instrument （ Barometer) (1/1) Fortin type Barometer It is installed almost all NMHSC including Local Observatories Aneroid Barograph Only few NMHSCs used it actually Digital Barometer Few NMHSCs used it as the standard Instrument
(2) Maintenance of Meteorological Instrument （ wind vane / anemometer) (1/2) A shaft of Anemometer It become rusty bends at this point Frequency of Wind Velocity on each Rank (%) 60 Over half of year, wind velocity is under 0.5 m/s 50 Station A and B is only 5km far with 40 same condition, approximately 30 StationA Station B 20 Limitation of Observation for more 10 accurate Wind Velocity 0
(2) Maintenance of Meteorological Instrument （ wind vane / anemometer) (2/2) Limitation of Observation of wind direction Limitation of Observation of wind direction Windrose (Annual) ( by 6 hourly Synoptic Observation Data) Country A Country B N N NN 30.0 NNE NNW NNE 30 W NW NE NW NE 20.0 20 WN ENE WNW ENE W 10.0 10 16 points 16 points W E of W of E 0.0 0 Direction Direction WS ESE WSW ESE W SW SE SW SE SSW SSE SSW SSE S S
(2) Maintenance of Meteorological Instrument （ Rain gauge) It needs a more This type is made with low cost, detailed maintenance however it may includes some observation error
(2) Maintenance of Meteorological Instrument （ Thermometer) Assmann aspiration psychrometer (as Standard Instrument) Comparison Comparison ⊿ T ℃ 3.0 Current-Asman 2.0 AWS-Asman 1.0 0.0 27.12.2011 28.12.2011 29.12.2011 30.12.2011 31.12.2011 1.1.2012 2.1.2012 3.1.2012 4.1.2012 5.1.2012 6.1.2012 7.1.2012 8.1.2012 9.1.2012 10.1.2012 11.1.2012 12.1.2012 13.1.2012 -1.0 -2.0 17.5 -3.0 days -4.0
(2) Maintenance of Meteorological Instrument （ Hygrometer) (1/2) Cotton textile has not exchanged for a long time
(2) Maintenance of Meteorological Instrument （ Hygrometer) (2/2) Before exchange of Cotton textile 100 80 60 40 20 0 Conventional 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 Assman After exchanging of Cotton textile and cleaning up the wet bulb 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 6:30 15:30 Conventional Assman
(2) Maintenance of Meteorological Instrument （ Barometer) (1/2) Over 30 years has passed since its installation Its accuracy is concerned
(2) Maintenance of Meteorological Instrument （ Barometer) (2/2) Distance Between 2 sensors : 40 m Height difference : Digital type is 3 m lower than Current barometer)
(3) Simple Mobile Type AWS for Site Calibration Calibrated by JMA, Battery driven, can be stored in car Trunk (Designed by AKATSU Kunio) Data Logger Anemometer & wind vane Thermometer Hygrometer Actinometer Assmann Digital Barometer Container
(4) Summary of the Current Status of Meteorological Instrument (1) On the Management of Quality Control of Meteorological Instruments Only few NMHSCs carry out the Regular Maintenance and Repair Only few NMHSCs have a system of traceability However, almost all NMHSCs have some concern on the quality of observation data (2) (In future) Necessity of preparation of National Standard Instruments at each NMHSC
(5) Points to be Taken Care in case of AWS. 1. General condition of AWS in many NMHSCs There are a lot of AWSs which doesn’t work or out of order in many NMHSCs 2. Points to be taken care in case of AWS (1) AWS requires a high technology for maintenance Maintenance staff have to master AWS by reading its technical manual (2) Concerning Data Processing Units Keep away from small insects and dust Keep away from very hot and high humid condition as possible as Protect from long time power cut off Utilize a OVP and AVR device and UPS 3. Carry out the comparative analysis between Conventional and AWS data
Kunio AKATSU
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