The Shaping of Form and Structure in Informal Settlements: A Case Study of Order and Rules in Lebak Siliwangi, Bandung, Indonesia Planocosmo ITB Bandung 4 April, 2018 Presented by Associate Professor Paul Jones Program Director Urban and Regional Planning Program Sydney School of Architecture, Design and Planning The University of Sydney The University of Sydney Page 1
Structure 1. Understanding concepts of order, rules and control 2. Case Study - Lebak Siliwangi, Bandung • Understanding of form and morphology through processes of adaptation/transformation • 3 basic rules/principles determining form, structure and morphology – central to the local order • The use of typologies to understand diversity/complexity 3. The Challenges in Planning and Designing for City Complexity The University of Sydney Page 2
New Urban Agenda, SDG 11 and Inclusive Urbanism • Over half the worlds slums are in Asia • Growing urban inequities • Many stakeholders – but not all equal in process “leave no one behind” The University of Sydney Page 3
Informality and Informal Settlements “Asia and the Pacific is also home to the world’s largest urban slum populations and the largest concentrations of people living below the poverty line”. State of Asian and Pacific Cities 2015, UNESCAP, October, 2015. The University of Sydney Page 4 Cambodia
Order and Planning: Kostoff, 1991: The City Shaped “The fact is no city, however arbitrary its form may appear to us, can be said to be unplanned. Behind the strangest twist of lane or alley, behind the most fitfully bounded public space, lies an order…” London, 1572 - 14 Proclamations issued between 1602-1630 to control unplanned growth (suburbs mainly outside the walls) The University of Sydney Page 5
Order in the Modern Planning Era came as a consequence of the Impacts of the Industrial Revolution Speed of ‘city’ change - adverse impacts on housing, health, water, sanitation, drainage, etc; new issues = advent of new ‘orders’ Gustav Dores illustrations, London, 1880’s The University of Sydney Page 6
Order and Control Embedded in Masterplans and Visions and their Rules, Policies Ebenezer Howards ‘Garden City’ masterplan The University of Sydney Page 7
Modern planning in 1800’s: A Preoccupation with Urban Form and Structure especially space, regulations and landscape to improve the human condition Plans to make London into hexagonal’s of 2 mile square mid 1800’s The University of Sydney Page 8
Le Corbusier: ‘The City as a Well Oiled Machine’ "A house is a machine for living in" and "a curved street is a donkey track, a straight street, a road for men" : architecture must be machine like and functional Le Corbusier Radiant City Order strongly aligned with principles of Modernism The University of Sydney Page 9
Christopher Alexander (1965) ‘The City is Not a Tree’ Critique of planning and city building “building ourselves into a Tree structure forces unnatural separation of normally intertwined aspects of life” Alexander challenged the panning and design process and planners, designers and architects, etc The University of Sydney Page 10
Christopher Alexander (2002): ‘The Nature of Order: An Essay on the Art of Building and the Nature of the Universe’ Comprehensive work challenging the way we think about cities, architecture and design Alexander reaffirms the need to understand the multiplicity and connections of parts and activities in the urban fabric ** Notions of disorder evolve from lack of understanding the ‘evolutionary organizing and explicit paths of change that shape one configuration to another’ The University of Sydney Page 11
Modern order implies hierarchical control, geometric uniformity, aesthetic ‘beauty’, repetition of consistent physical elements and ‘accepted’ patterns Impacts on spatial dynamics, functional roles, and quality of life New physical orders Is there ‘confusion’ between physical order and better social outcomes? OR social disorder seen as being solved by ‘new’ physical regimes and outcomes ? The University of Sydney Page 12
Modern Form aligns with Geometric order – arrangement and layout of objects in relation to each other set down in rules, sequence/methods of organization ‘precise forms’, regular Kensington, Sydney Kingsford, Sydney The University of Sydney Page 13
Informal Settlements: Order termed organic, bottom up, self organizing, dysfunctional, chaotic, ‘lack of discipline’ - residents and form seen as ‘problem to be fixed’ with different orders The University of Sydney Page 14
BUT Order in Informal Settlements is Mixed: ‘Formal’, ‘Informal’, hybrid, complementary, co-evolution (Silva and Farrell, Suhartini) The University of Sydney Page 15
Order in Informal Settlements: ‘Self made’ and local nuanced order with its own logic. ‘In place’ not ‘out of place’ and ’ordered’ not ‘dis-ordered’. Less obvious order - messy, blurred, eclectic mix of designs, materiality and geometry (Jones, 2017) The University of Sydney Page 16
Case study: some insights from Lebak Siliwangi, Tamansari, Bandung, Indonesia Dutch colonialism and colonial plans Bandung - called the “Paris of Java”
Focus on Kampungs (villages) in North Bandung Bandung - vision to be a ‘Modern Western’ Global City
Inner city kampungs ripe for redevelopment by private developers and Government Many kampungs have strong local and community governance, but land tenure and “titles’ messy and unclear
Kampung Lebak Siliwangi
New development forms, different lifestyles, different rules, different orders ….
The Meaning of Form and Structure? • Form implies shape (Thompson, 1961) • A way to understand cities focusing on built form, space, geometry, processes and patterns (Batty and Longley, 1994) • Form = shape, configuration, structure, patterns, etc (Whyte, 1968) • “the outward appearance of things“ (Arnheim, 1968) • Structure = spatial arrangements of elements and their form, geometry, function, etc which comprise the city and its patterns of urbanism
Main morphological units that make up kampung form and structure Irregular grid? Non linear? (at scale) Key elements? • House plots Blocks • Alleyways • Streets • Roads • • Open space Irrigation • channels Mosques •
Diverse mix of block patterns - Spatial logic related to fragmentation of rice paddies (function change), land ownership and plot intensification Source: SU Joint Studio Group 2, 2017
Rule 1: Settlement structure is situated within a legacy of past major development decisions
Lebak in Evolution - Structure adaptation of terraced rice paddies and topography 1920 - 1930’s 1940’s - 1950’s
Earlier Masterplan decisions on function, form, infrastructure, topography, now overlaid with “bottom up” urbanism 1960’s - 1990’s 1990’s - 2017 Dan Sharp et al 2016 URP students,
Rooftop Architecture + Morphology Lebak Siliwangi population 2014 - 4,950 persons
Lebak Siliwangi - Aerial View
Urban Fabric- Lebak Siliwangi
Terrace walls follow topography: Influences function and form
Kampung Lebak Siliwangi - fine grained, street based urbanism Source: ITB Students and Group 2 Students ITB – SU Joint Studio, February, 2017
Form follows topography
Resilience at many levels - multi-functionality and adaptation
Strong social fabric - street and home based livelihood dependence - resilient
Rule 2: Contestation of public private space (the alleyway and housing edge) determines interface form types and alleyway alignment, geometry and function Transport technology, social behaviour and form adapts and vice versa
Form adaptation in ‘public spaces’ to function and topography
Understanding the process of space contestation in alleyways and how the alleyway is made and shaped is about housing intensification
The alleyway is continually being shaped and aligned through small-scale physical form at the individual plot level = alleyway sum of geometric forms at house frontage
Network of alleyways: types of space? public, communal, semi- private space
Jalan (road or street)
Named Gang (main alleyway)
Unnamed Gang + Dead-end / Void / Live end
Human scale elements/units ‘bolt together’ to comprise the alleyway and housing interface and are expressed in multiple forms of adaptation the pavement • house wall – fence • house frontage (no • wall - no setback) street furniture • (fixed and movable) textures, materials • stairs, overhangs •
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