J-RAPID Final Symposium Sendai, Japan The Role of Urban Development Patterns in Mitigating the Effects of Tsunami Run-up: Final Report March 6, 2013 Fumio Yamazaki , Chiba University, Japan and Ronald T. Eguchi , ImageCat, Inc., USA 1
Research Team • Fumio Yamazaki, Chiba University • Shunichi Koshimura, Tohoku University • Masashi Matsuoka, Tokyo Institute of Technology • Yoshhisa Maruyama, Chiba University • Ronald T. Eguchi, ImageCat, Inc. • John Bevington, ImageCat Ltd., UK • Michael T. Eguchi, ImageCat, Inc. • Albert Lin, UCSD • Andrew Huynh, UCSD • James D. Goltz, Consultant 2
Scope of NSF Rapid Grant • Perform field studies to collect perishable data on coastal community performance following the Tohoku earthquake • Develop an understanding of the “data landscape” in post-earthquake Japan • Develop a preliminary understanding of the role that urban development patterns played in either mitigating or exacerbating tsunami-induced impacts 3
Communities Visited and/or Studied by US team City Predominant Area (sq. Population Max. Manmade Coastal Mountaino Area Description Development km.) Tsunami Tsunami Configurati us of Damage Types * Ht ** (m) Protection on (Yes/No) Asahi RL/A 130 69,000 - - Coastal N Limited damage Strand Ishinomaki RH/I 555 164,294 16 Breakwater and Coastal N Wide range of Seawalls Strand damage Kamaishi RH/I 441 41,022 9 Breakwater and Bay Y Wide range of Seawalls damage Kashima RL/I 93 66,249 - Seawall Coastal N Limited Damage Strand Kesennuma No pre-event 333 73,403 22.2 - Bay Y Wide range of data damage Minamisanriku RL/C 163 19,170 15.5 Breakwater and Bay Y Destroyed Seawall (3.5m) Miyako RH 696 57,874 37.9 Seawall (10m) Bay Y Wide range of damage Ofunato RH/I 323 41,757 23.6 Breakwater Bay Y Wide range of damage Onagawa RH 65 11,186 18.4 Breakwater Bay Y Destroyed Otsuchi RH 200 16,727 19 Breakwater and Bay Y Destroyed Seawall (10m) Rikuzentakata RH/A 232 23,302 19 Mitigation Bay Y Destroyed Forest and Seawall (6.5m) Sendai RH/C/A 788 1,031,704 9.9 - Coastal N Wide range of Strand damage Yamada RH 263 20,413 10 Seawall (6.6) Bay Y Wide range of 4 damage
Tsunami Inundation Heights Ishinomaki Source: Point data from 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami Joint Survey Group 5
Tsunami Inundation Heights Ishinomaki Source: Point data from 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami Joint Survey Group 6
Ishinomaki 3-4 m 4-5 m 5-6 m 6-7 m 7-8 m 7
8
Damage ratios by Landuse Ishinomaki Land Use 0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 Commercial 0.25 % Industrial 0.2 Residential 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Tsunami Height (m) 9
Kamaishi 10
11
Kamaishi 12
13
Goal of US side • Influence the loss modeling done for large and small communities incorporating tsunami hazard effects • Current effort in the US to augment HAZUS for tsunami • Sendai is a case study area for calibrating damage and loss models for HAZUS-Tsunami 14
Satellites images of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake Optical, Medium Resolution Optical, High Resolution • ALOS AVNIR-2 (10m) • FORMOSAT-2 (2.0m) • Terra ASTER (15m) • THEOS (2.0m) • Landsat 7 (30m) • RapidEye (2.5m) • WorldView-1,2 (0.5m) • QuickBird (0.6m) SAR • Ikonos (1.0m) • ALOS PALSAR (L-band, 6.25m) • GeoEye-1 (0.5m) • Radarsat 1, 2 (C-band, 8m) • TerraSAR-X (X-band, 3m) • COSMO-SkyMed (X-band, 3m) 15
Acquisition condition of various sensors and platforms in disaster response Platform Satellite Airborne Ground Based ◎ Large coverage ○ Mod. coverage △ Low coverage /Sensor △ Day, Fixed time ○ Day, Any time ◎ Day, Any time Optical △ No cloud ○ No low cloud Sensor × ○ Day, Any time ◎ Day, Any time Lidar ○ No low cloud ○ All day, Fixed time ◎ All day, Any time ◎ All day, Any time Thermal △ No cloud ○ No low cloud Infrared △ Low resolution ○ Mod. resolution ◎ High resolution ○ All day, Fixed time ◎ All day, Any time SAR ◎ All weather ◎ All weather × △ R & D stage 16
Crustal Movement InSAR results from Crustal movements observed by GSI GPS stations in March 11 and 13, 2011 PALSAR images Horizontal Vertical http://www.jishin.go.jp/main/chousa/11mar_sanriku-oki2/index.htm http://www.gsi.go.jp/uchusokuchi/uchuus okuchi40010.html 17
TerraSAR-X images Pre-event Post-event ＊ Yamoto ＊ Rifu ＊ Natori ＊ Watari a b c d a b c d Transformed to • Date 2010.10.21 2011.03.13 2011.03.24 2011.04.04 Sigma Naught (σ 0 ) View angle 37.316 ° 37.301 ° 37.319 ° 37.317 ° Enhanced Lee filter • Heading 190.027 ° 190.029 ° 190.027 ° 190.025 ° (3 x 3 pixels) Mode StripMap (3.01 m x 3.04 m) Polarization HH The 9th CUEE and 4th ACEE Joint Conference Data EEC (1.25 m/pixel) 18
Movement of a building R: 2010.10.21 G&B: 2011.03.13 Pre-event T: Pre-event SAR Area-based correlation y { } { } − − M 1 N 1 ∑ ∑ T T − − I ( i , j ) I T ( i , j ) T ( a , b ) = = = i 0 j 0 R ( a , b ) { } { } − − − − M 1 N 1 M 1 N 1 ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ T T T T 2 2 − − I ( i , j ) I T ( i , j ) T ( a , b ) = = = = i 0 j 0 i 0 j 0 − − M 1 N 1 − − 1 ∑ ∑ M 1 N 1 T T 1 ∑ ∑ = T T Post-event = T T ( i , j ) I I ( i , j ) ( a , b ) M N M N = = = = i 0 j 0 x i 0 j 0 T T T T 101 x 101 pixels Correlation Matrix I: Post-event SAR Maximum Center Correlation coefficient Color composite of SAR 115 x 115 pixels 3.75 m to east, 1.25 m to south 19 (1.25m/pixel)
Building extraction (Yamoto) 2010.10.21 Building objects (pre-event) Segmentation • σ 0 > -2.0 dB 2. ５ ｋ m • Size > 100 pixels (about 150 m 2 ) Color composite of building objects Yamoto ＊ Building objects (post-event) 2011.03.13 R: 2010.10.21 G&B: 2011.03.13 20
Movement detection (Yamoto) Color composite of building objects Building object (pre-event) Non-change buildings Building Surrounding area exist （ post-event ） 5 pixels T (pre-event SAR) SAR intensity images 3 pixels • Resized to 0.25m by cubic convolution I (post-event SAR) 5 pixels • r > 0.8 • 3.75 m to east 1.00 m to south The 9th CUEE and 4th ACEE Joint 21 Conference
Crustal movement (Yamoto) East North 30 20 μ = 3.49 m μ = -1.07 m 25 15 σ = 0.62 σ = 0.29 20 15 10 10 5 5 GPS 0 0 -3.00 -2.50 -2.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 ＊ Movements /m Movements /m 3 m 67 buildings GPS station Survey photo 2012.01.14 Google Earth 2011.04.06 22
Crustal movement The study area was divided into a square mesh containing 2.5 x2.5 km 2 . Only the sub-area including more than 5 building displacements was valid. The movement of the sub-area was the mean value of all building displacements. R: post-event G&B: pre-event 23
Crustal movement and SAR image Horizontal Vertical • D : Actual movement • α : Heading angle • θ : Incident angle • M : Movement in SAR image D • r, a : Range and azimuth α α θ E M cos sin 1 / tan = r D ffffffdirection − α α N M sin cos 0 • E,N : East and north direction a D Z D − α α α θ E M sin cos M 1 0 cos / tan = = E r D α α α θ N M cos sin M 0 1 sin / tan N a D Z 24
Comparison of GPS observed data (1) ━ GPS observed data □ Detected results ＊ 0.40 Movement /m 0.00 ＊ -0.40 -0.80 North East -1.20 ＊ -1.60 1-Mar 6-Mar 11-Mar 16-Mar 21-Mar 26-Mar 31-Mar 5-Apr 10-Apr 15-Apr 20-Apr 25-Apr Date ＊ ＊ GPS Yamoto Rifu East West Rifu Survey photo 2012.01.13 25
Comparison of GPS observed data (2) ━ GPS observed data □ Detected results Natori 5.00 0.40 4.00 0.00 Movement /m Movement /m 3.00 -0.40 2.00 -0.80 1.00 East North -1.20 0.00 -1.00 -1.60 1-Mar 6-Mar 11-Mar 16-Mar 21-Mar 26-Mar 31-Mar 5-Apr 10-Apr 15-Apr 20-Apr 25-Apr 1-Mar 6-Mar 11-Mar 16-Mar 21-Mar 26-Mar 31-Mar 5-Apr 10-Apr 15-Apr 20-Apr 25-Apr Date Date Natori Watari 5.00 4.00 Movement /m 3.00 2.00 1.00 East 0.00 North -1.00 1-Mar 6-Mar 11-Mar 16-Mar 21-Mar 26-Mar 31-Mar 5-Apr 10-Apr 15-Apr 20-Apr 25-Apr Date Watari Survey photo 2012.01.13 26
Flooded Area and Damage Extraction from SAR Data TerraSAR-X 14 scenes 27
SAR data for flooded area detection TerraSAR-X ALOS/PALSAR 2010.10.21 2011.03.13 2010.09.11 2011.03.16 Date 2010.10.21 2011.03.13 2010.09.11 2011.03.16 Incident angle 37.3º 41.5º 43.1º SM FBS Mode 3.0 x 3.0 m (R x A) 6.25 x 7.0 m (R x A) Resolution 1.25 m 6.25 m Pixel size 28
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